Sexual orientation in Brazil using unconditional quantile regression

Suliano, Daniel; Cavalcante, Alexsandre Lira; Rodrigues, Luciana

doi:10.1590/1982-3533.2020v30n1art12

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Original articles • Econ. soc. 30 (1) • Jan-Apr 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2020v30n1art12 copy

Sexual orientation in Brazil using unconditional quantile regression^* * The authors are grateful for the CNPq support through the CNPq Universal Call/MCTI n. 01/2016 for Applied Humanities, Social and Social Sciences, Process n. 406564/2016-7.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This paper seeks to complement the underexplored dimension of sexual orientation-based differences in Brazilian incomes. Studies addressing the theme in Brazil have not recognized hitherto the main determinants of wage inequality along the wage curve, given that only data from the 2010 Brazilian Census conducted by the Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) has been used up until now. Thus, importantly, this is the first paper using pooled data from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Continuous PNAD) of 2012 to 2016 to evaluate income differentials based on sexual orientation, employing the general Oxaca-Blinder (1973) decomposition method, which in turn is based on Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2007FIRPO, S.; FORTIN, N.; LEMIEUX, T. Decomposing wage distributions using recentered influence function regressions. Mimeo. University of British Columbia, 2007.). Findings: the composition effect presents favorable results for homosexuals as a group effect (both gays and lesbians), regarding demographic changes and human capital as well as activity and occupational sorting. On the other hand, there is no evidence of discriminatory effects on homosexuals in the context of the labor market. This is in sharp contrast with the effect of sexual orientation found in the existing literature.

Keywords:
Sexual orientation; Continuous PNAD; Recentered influence function

Variables	Description
Dependent Variable
Monthly gross income	effective monthly income related to all jobs for people aged 14 or over (only for people who received cash, products or merchandise in any job)
Explanatory variables
Demographic characteristics and human capital
White/Asian	if the person calls themselves Asian or white
Family size	the number of people in a household
Education	average years of schooling
Age	age measured in years (a proxy for experience)
Age ²	age measured in squared years (positive nonlinear effect but decreasing rates)
Labor Market
Tenure	number of hours at work until the last day of the reference week
Tenure ²	number of hours (in squared) at work until the last day of the reference week
Labor union	if the person is a member of a labor union
Formal work	as for the reference week, it is said to be "formal": all government workers, domestic workers with a formal contract, self-employed with CNPJ registration.
Occupation	position occupied during the reference week for persons aged 14 or over ^(a)
Groups of Occupations and Activities
Group of main activity	group of main activity (primary job) during the reference week for persons aged 14 or over ^(b)
Group of occupations	group of occupations with regard the main activity during the reference week for persons aged 14 or over ^(c)
Geography and Time
Metropolitan area	resident in the metropolitan area
Census area	resident in the urban area
Southeast	resident in the southeast region
South	resident in the south region
Center-west	resident in the center-west
2012 year	dummy for 2012 year
2013 year	dummy for 2013 year
2014 year	dummy for 2014 year

List of variables		Men		Women
List of variables		Heterosexual couples	Gay couples	Heterosexual couples	Lesbian couples
Dependent variables	Effective monthly income	2,462.11	4,780.76	1,915.95	2,683.26
Dependent variables	Effective hours worked	41.69	41.10	35.21	38.70
Demographic Characteristics and human capital	Average years of schooling	7.65	13.01	8.84	11.42
	White/Asian	0.43	0.52	0.39	0.46
	Family size	3.56	2.21	3.66	2.85
	Age	47.13	37.84	43.21	36.93
Labor market	Tenure	3.60	3.62	3.50	3.33
	Formal	0.54	0.78	0.59	0.64
	Labor union	0.20	0.23	0.15	0.18
	A private-sector employee	0.45	0.40	0.32	0.44
	A public-sector employee	0.10	0.26	0.21	0.19
	Employer	0.06	0.08	0.04	0.04
Groups of primary activities and occupations	Industry	0.13	0.08	0.10	0.08
	Commerce, motor vehicles and motorcycles repairing	0.16	0.09	0.19	0.19
	Accommodation and food	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.11
	Communication and finance, real estate, professional and administrative activities	0.08	0.20	0.08	0.13
	Public administration, defense and health insurance	0.07	0.09	0.08	0.11
	Education, social services and human health	0.04	0.21	0.19	0.16
	Other services	0.02	0.20	0.06	0.05
	Directors and managers	0.06	0.11	0.05	0.07
	Science and intellectual occupations	0.05	0.28	0.14	0.18
	Mid-level technicians and professionals	0.07	0.13	0.07	0.11
	Administrative support workers	0.03	0.08	0.08	0.10
	Service workers, shopkeepers and markets	0.13	0.24	0.27	0.27
	Skilled workers, artisans, mechanical arts and other qualifications	0.19	0.06	0.05	0.07
	Basic occupations	0.17	0.05	0.26	0.14
Geography and Time	Southeast	0.27	0.39	0.23	0.32
	South	0.19	0.20	0.18	0.15
	Center-west	0.10	0.09	0.10	0.09
	Urbain area	0.67	0.93	0.81	0.94
	Resident in the metropolitan area	0.27	0.60	0.37	0.54
	2012	0.20	0.12	0.17	0.12
	2013	0.20	0.16	0.18	0.15
	2014	0.21	0.19	0.19	0.19

Variables	OLS		q10		q50		q90
Variables	Gay couple	Hetero couple	Gay couple	Hetero couple	Gay couple	Hetero couple	Gay couple	Hetero couple
Years of schooling	0.0582***	0.0556***	0.0431	0.0527***	0.0508	0.0472***	0.0143	0.0885***
Years of schooling	(0.0182)	(0.000420)	(0.0371)	(0.00119)	(0.0312)	(0.000550)	(0.0408)	(0.00136)
White	0.264**	0.123***	0.126	0.0932***	0.232	0.0923***	0.599**	0.236***
White	(0.107)	(0.00300)	(0.173)	(0.00761)	(0.161)	(0.00354)	(0.302)	(0.00862)
Family size	-0.162**	-0.00785***	-0.0438	-0.0335***	-0.0130	-0.00680***	-0.0767	0.0106***
Family size	(0.0784)	(0.00106)	(0.143)	(0.00300)	(0.117)	(0.00103)	(0.158)	(0.00242)
Age	0.0696***	0.0269***	-0.00634	0.0355***	0.0936**	0.0279***	0.129**	0.0262***
Age	(0.0252)	(0.000772)	(0.0517)	(0.00219)	(0.0454)	(0.000911)	(0.0602)	(0.00178)
Age ²	-0.000724**	-0.000223***	0.000162	-0.000374***	-0.000984*	-0.000257***	-0.00135*	-0.000104***
Age ²	(0.000293)	(0.000009)	(0.000600)	(0.000025)	(0.000545)	(0.000010)	(0.000795)	(0.000020)
Tenure	0.0990	0.0956***	0.172	1.122***	-0.685	-0.0691***	0.330	-0.385***
Tenure	(0.264)	(0.0151)	(0.981)	(0.0527)	(0.844)	(0.0164)	(1.135)	(0.0268)
Tenure ²	0.00865	-0.00892***	0.0103	-0.192***	0.133	0.0237***	-0.0296	0.0742***
Tenure ²	(0.0482)	(0.00257)	(0.165)	(0.00883)	(0.151)	(0.00290)	(0.199)	(0.00473)
Formal	0.313**	0.174***	0.341	0.617***	0.375*	0.144***	0.234	-0.0447***
Formal	(0.132)	(0.00374)	(0.250)	(0.0112)	(0.192)	(0.00421)	(0.252)	(0.0112)
Labor union	0.113	0.0307***	0.00961	-0.204***	0.390***	0.0576***	-0.0805	0.190***
Labor union	(0.107)	(0.00359)	(0.144)	(0.00799)	(0.127)	(0.00385)	(0.365)	(0.00988)
A private-sector employee	0.123	0.0120***	0.0550	0.365***	-0.103	-0.0487***	0.381	-0.146***
A private-sector employee	(0.139)	(0.00388)	(0.234)	(0.0108)	(0.199)	(0.00397)	(0.267)	(0.00934)
A public-sector employee	0.377**	0.245***	-0.137	0.401***	0.142	0.137***	0.448	0.447***
A public-sector employee	(0.185)	(0.00950)	(0.219)	(0.0132)	(0.291)	(0.00768)	(0.698)	(0.0357)
Employer	0.508**	0.460***	0.0976	0.375***	0.503	0.307***	1.250*	0.937***
Employer	(0.217)	(0.00741)	(0.235)	(0.0130)	(0.312)	(0.00764)	(0.636)	(0.0284)
Industry	-0.145	-0.0220***	-0.568	-0.103***	0.481	0.00426	-0.608	-0.0229*
Industry	(0.177)	(0.00407)	(0.378)	(0.00820)	(0.316)	(0.00533)	(0.420)	(0.0119)
Commerce	-0.188	-0.0948***	-0.596*	-0.0401***	0.116	-0.0872***	-0.759*	-0.186***
Commerce	(0.168)	(0.00430)	(0.354)	(0.00937)	(0.279)	(0.00555)	(0.440)	(0.0111)
Acommodation and food	-0.244	-0.250***	-1.000**	-0.212***	0.240	-0.224***	0.240	-0.410***
Acommodation and food	(0.207)	(0.00882)	(0.483)	(0.0240)	(0.328)	(0.0107)	(0.578)	(0.0212)
Information	0.0104	0.00206	-0.565	-0.0231***	0.314	-0.0368***	-0.0406	0.144***
Information	(0.175)	(0.00564)	(0.359)	(0.00833)	(0.302)	(0.00770)	(0.496)	(0.0178)
Public administration, defense, health insurance	0.139	0.115***	-0.429	-0.0207**	0.107	0.0209**	0.846	0.329***
Public administration, defense, health insurance	(0.277)	(0.0102)	(0.388)	(0.00978)	(0.390)	(0.00920)	(0.823)	(0.0423)
Education, human health. social services	-0.0297	-0.111***	-0.643*	0.0147	0.268	-0.111***	0.195	-0.370***
Education, human health. social services	(0.194)	(0.00964)	(0.369)	(0.00958)	(0.329)	(0.0102)	(0.645)	(0.0370)
Other services	0.112	-0.112***	-0.587	0.111***	0.679**	-0.0776***	-0.239	-0.411***
Other services	(0.185)	(0.00916)	(0.383)	(0.0193)	(0.312)	(0.0101)	(0.458)	(0.0275)
Directors and managers	0.520	0.402***	0.765*	-0.000627	0.985**	0.274***	-0.560	1.058***
Directors and managers	(0.340)	(0.00732)	(0.452)	(0.0119)	(0.386)	(0.00759)	(0.838)	(0.0293)
Science and intelectual occupations	0.558	0.693***	0.785*	-0.0610***	0.789**	0.369***	-0.0894	2.213***
Science and intelectual occupations	(0.347)	(0.00809)	(0.421)	(0.0108)	(0.384)	(0.00765)	(0.736)	(0.0426)
Mid-level technicians and professionals	0.314	0.277***	0.783*	0.0928***	0.624*	0.281***	-0.578	0.483***
Mid-level technicians and professionals	(0.341)	(0.00602)	(0.412)	(0.00864)	(0.349)	(0.00779)	(0.808)	(0.0217)
Administrative support workers	-0.0507	0.00846	0.606	0.0111	0.184	0.0614***	-1.336	-0.107***
Administrative support workers	(0.331)	(0.00701)	(0.487)	(0.00977)	(0.327)	(0.00870)	(0.892)	(0.0248)
Service workers, shopkeepers and markets	0.201	0.00333	0.556	0.105***	0.165	-0.0110	-0.633	-0.0736***
Service workers, shopkeepers and markets	(0.327)	(0.00496)	(0.485)	(0.00999)	(0.358)	(0.00682)	(0.677)	(0.0146)
Factory worker	0.183	0.113***	0.734	0.458***	-0.0602	0.0946***	-0.684	-0.139***
Factory worker	(0.319)	(0.00387)	(0.520)	(0.0102)	(0.410)	(0.00501)	(0.650)	(0.00785)
Basic occupations	0.0397	-0.147***	0.275	-0.0549***	0.00777	-0.272***	-0.606	-0.00153
Basic occupations	(0.341)	(0.00417)	(0.667)	(0.0117)	(0.379)	(0.00492)	(0.646)	(0.00789)
Southeast	0.204*	0.248***	-0.127	0.549***	0.178	0.248***	0.718**	0.0544***
Southeast	(0.109)	(0.00335)	(0.217)	(0.0119)	(0.156)	(0.00440)	(0.347)	(0.00884)
South	0.106	0.331***	0.0467	0.634***	0.0389	0.366***	0.386	0.0768***
South	(0.135)	(0.00422)	(0.235)	(0.0126)	(0.187)	(0.00528)	(0.364)	(0.0113)
Center-west	0.174	0.390***	-0.128	0.707***	0.201	0.377***	0.599	0.264***
Center-west	(0.177)	(0.00439)	(0.295)	(0.0128)	(0.249)	(0.00623)	(0.441)	(0.0134)
Urbain area	0.139	0.178***	0.332	0.377***	0.0798	0.178***	0.521	0.0501***
Urbain area	(0.154)	(0.00354)	(0.435)	(0.0106)	(0.249)	(0.00400)	(0.644)	(0.00891)
Metropolitan area	0.177*	0.0958***	0.154	0.163***	0.230	0.0508***	0.0167	0.153***
Metropolitan area	(0.0973)	(0.00302)	(0.142)	(0.00665)	(0.144)	(0.00377)	(0.265)	(0.0112)
2012	-0.0607	0.0117***	0.107	-0.000841	-0.115	-0.0215***	-0.180	0.0910***
2012	(0.132)	(0.00374)	(0.218)	(0.00964)	(0.232)	(0.00426)	(0.344)	(0.00976)
2013	0.0565	0.0296***	0.124	0.0383***	0.207	-0.00104	-0.241	0.0765***
2013	(0.121)	(0.00362)	(0.191)	(0.00915)	(0.170)	(0.00416)	(0.325)	(0.00962)
2014	-0.0600	0.0405***	0.0123	0.0558***	0.0776	0.0330***	-0.483	0.0597***
2014	(0.109)	(0.00354)	(0.163)	(0.00945)	(0.136)	(0.00371)	(0.371)	(0.00938)
Constant	-0.831	0.162***	-0.358	-2.739***	-0.939	0.480***	-0.519	1.536***
Constant	(0.691)	(0.0264)	(1.723)	(0.102)	(1.435)	(0.0266)	(1.920)	(0.0553)
Observations	305	276,338	305	276,338	305	276,338	305	276,338
R-squared	0.504	0.449	0.160	0.208	0.438	0.313	0.231	0.242

Variables	OLS		q10		q50		q90
Variables	Lesbian couple	Hetero couple	Lesbian couple	Hetero couple	Lesbian couple	Hetero couple	Lesbian couple	Hetero couple
Years of schooling	0.0640***	0.0555***	0.0332	0.0757***	0.0597***	0.0432***	0.0931***	0.0702***
Years of schooling	(0.0132)	(0.00113)	(0.0252)	(0.00390)	(0.0160)	(0.00132)	(0.0354)	(0.00267)
White	-0.0315	0.129***	-0.0668	0.0710***	-0.0184	0.0953***	0.0812	0.255***
White	(0.0860)	(0.00724)	(0.130)	(0.0176)	(0.108)	(0.00859)	(0.258)	(0.0192)
Family size	-0.0262	-0.00280	-0.00745	-0.0216**	-0.0189	-0.00162	-0.0201	0.00414
Family size	(0.0327)	(0.00247)	(0.0583)	(0.00930)	(0.0440)	(0.00250)	(0.0589)	(0.00466)
Age	0.0111	0.0207***	-0.00988	0.0421***	0.0275	0.0196***	-0.0508	0.0184***
Age	(0.0240)	(0.00221)	(0.0384)	(0.00716)	(0.0268)	(0.00224)	(0.0716)	(0.00400)
Age ²	-0.000040	-0.000178***	0.000075	-0.000484***	-0.000278	-0.000186***	-0.00104	-0.000060
Age ²	(0.000311)	(0.000027)	(0.000494)	(0.000083)	(0.000334)	(0.000026)	(0.00100)	(0.000049)
Tenure	0.0345	-0.0164	0.245	0.385***	-0.632	-0.124***	-0.302	-0.305***
Tenure	(0.365)	(0.0380)	(0.846)	(0.127)	(0.480)	(0.0426)	(0.788)	(0.0641)
Tenure ²	0.0116	0.0159**	-0.0157	-0.0452**	0.129	0.0348***	0.0484	0.0612***
Tenure ²	(0.0635)	(0.00642)	(0.142)	(0.0209)	(0.0828)	(0.00712)	(0.140)	(0.0108)
Formal	0.271**	0.150***	0.505***	0.903***	0.261*	0.0439***	-0.00109	-0.0743***
Formal	(0.114)	(0.00915)	(0.189)	(0.0319)	(0.149)	(0.0113)	(0.247)	(0.0196)
Labor union	0.206**	0.0469***	-0.0530	-0.355***	0.108	0.0545***	0.550*	0.394***
Labor union	(0.0964)	(0.00917)	(0.0750)	(0.0221)	(0.113)	(0.00807)	(0.326)	(0.0282)
A private-sector employee	-0.0552	-0.0483***	0.266	0.416***	-0.104	-0.160***	-0.0357	-0.208***
A private-sector employee	(0.120)	(0.0109)	(0.168)	(0.0319)	(0.149)	(0.0118)	(0.286)	(0.0231)
A public-sector employee	0.0569	0.188***	0.0242	0.492***	-0.00517	0.101***	0.255	0.154***
A public-sector employee	(0.208)	(0.0170)	(0.212)	(0.0370)	(0.218)	(0.0171)	(0.608)	(0.0585)
Employer	0.282	0.376***	0.00878	0.310***	0.164	0.266***	0.0395	0.683***
Employer	(0.250)	(0.0219)	(0.364)	(0.0428)	(0.285)	(0.0203)	(0.613)	(0.0674)
Industry	-0.00140	-0.0211	0.290	0.00570	-0.142	-0.0299*	0.243	-0.0406
Industry	(0.156)	(0.0157)	(0.268)	(0.0465)	(0.219)	(0.0166)	(0.363)	(0.0337)
Commerce	-0.105	-0.0229*	0.0889	-0.0192	-0.350*	0.00611	-0.147	-0.0609**
Commerce	(0.133)	(0.0137)	(0.227)	(0.0433)	(0.185)	(0.0148)	(0.332)	(0.0258)
Acommodation and food	-0.211	-0.0397**	-0.0861	0.127**	-0.261	-0.0537***	-0.529	-0.101***
Acommodation and food	(0.169)	(0.0156)	(0.283)	(0.0503)	(0.256)	(0.0179)	(0.323)	(0.0324)
Information	-0.0283	0.143***	0.224	0.102***	-0.0156	0.0721***	-0.269	0.345***
Information	(0.141)	(0.0150)	(0.188)	(0.0362)	(0.216)	(0.0173)	(0.397)	(0.0436)
Public administration, defense, health insurance	0.252	0.163***	0.359**	0.0830**	0.341	0.0388*	-0.221	0.445***
Public administration, defense, health insurance	(0.207)	(0.0203)	(0.164)	(0.0378)	(0.289)	(0.0219)	(0.681)	(0.0675)
Education, human health. social services	-0.00648	-0.0314**	0.180	0.127***	-0.0950	0.0221	-0.439	-0.309***
Education, human health. social services	(0.171)	(0.0158)	(0.179)	(0.0359)	(0.247)	(0.0199)	(0.471)	(0.0462)
Other services	0.137	0.124***	0.198	0.428***	0.137	0.126***	-0.137	-0.0767**
Other services	(0.176)	(0.0168)	(0.328)	(0.0503)	(0.279)	(0.0212)	(0.522)	(0.0352)
Directors and managers	0.518***	0.393***	-0.242	-0.00382	0.871***	0.406***	0.861*	0.683***
Directors and managers	(0.200)	(0.0236)	(0.330)	(0.0546)	(0.296)	(0.0212)	(0.517)	(0.0693)
Science and intelectual occupations	0.725***	0.626***	-0.0732	-0.114**	1.016***	0.554***	1.283**	1.344***
Science and intelectual occupations	(0.160)	(0.0202)	(0.210)	(0.0510)	(0.246)	(0.0187)	(0.507)	(0.0531)
Mid-level technicians and professionals	0.380**	0.233***	-0.0777	0.0745	0.741***	0.321***	0.216	0.248***
Mid-level technicians and professionals	(0.166)	(0.0199)	(0.229)	(0.0492)	(0.262)	(0.0223)	(0.464)	(0.0488)
Administrative support workers	0.146	0.0664***	-0.212	-0.00151	0.499*	0.240***	0.221	-0.126***
Administrative support workers	(0.153)	(0.0185)	(0.234)	(0.0489)	(0.263)	(0.0220)	(0.425)	(0.0441)
Service workers, shopkeepers and markets	0.0727	-0.00759	-0.257	0.0536	0.521**	0.00479	0.279	-0.0565*
Service workers, shopkeepers and markets	(0.138)	(0.0176)	(0.253)	(0.0505)	(0.202)	(0.0177)	(0.338)	(0.0337)
Factory worker	0.201	-0.0648***	-0.158	-0.0195	0.415*	-0.0325	0.257	-0.124***
Factory worker	(0.169)	(0.0201)	(0.295)	(0.0657)	(0.217)	(0.0218)	(0.346)	(0.0318)
Basic occupations	0.0818	0.0152	-0.221	0.367***	0.290	-0.0553***	0.325	-0.110***
Basic occupations	(0.144)	(0.0169)	(0.320)	(0.0525)	(0.199)	(0.0164)	(0.335)	(0.0285)
Southeast	0.326***	0.237***	0.283**	0.560***	0.206	0.206***	0.604**	0.102***
Southeast	(0.0899)	(0.00812)	(0.142)	(0.0226)	(0.132)	(0.00961)	(0.237)	(0.0215)
South	0.481***	0.302***	0.519***	0.662***	0.285	0.326***	0.160	0.0150
South	(0.111)	(0.00974)	(0.155)	(0.0267)	(0.179)	(0.0108)	(0.348)	(0.0270)
Center-west	0.511***	0.335***	0.603***	0.657***	0.463**	0.275***	0.745**	0.315***
Center-west	(0.135)	(0.0105)	(0.164)	(0.0269)	(0.198)	(0.0128)	(0.369)	(0.0286)
Urban area	-0.118	0.189***	-0.266	0.577***	0.0575	0.0822***	-0.257	0.115***
Urban area	(0.168)	(0.0108)	(0.365)	(0.0375)	(0.209)	(0.0114)	(0.373)	(0.0209)
Metropolitan area	0.100	0.133***	0.165	0.249***	0.0957	0.0642***	0.151	0.223***
Metropolitan area	(0.0871)	(0.00667)	(0.139)	(0.0171)	(0.104)	(0.00795)	(0.223)	(0.0192)
2012	-0.165	0.00717	-0.142	-0.00298	-0.195	-0.00371	0.210	0.0544**
2012	(0.117)	(0.00935)	(0.197)	(0.0298)	(0.151)	(0.0107)	(0.352)	(0.0216)
2013	-0.00871	0.0166*	0.0484	0.0790***	-0.0395	-0.00346	0.239	-0.00643
2013	(0.113)	(0.00871)	(0.186)	(0.0241)	(0.167)	(0.00953)	(0.236)	(0.0205)
2014	-0.0529	0.0225***	-0.109	0.0890***	-0.0223	0.00565	0.0433	0.00512
2014	(0.0962)	(0.00829)	(0.138)	(0.0237)	(0.121)	(0.00976)	(0.244)	(0.0204)
Constant	0.440	0.108	0.153	-3.155***	0.626	0.587***	2.777	1.595***
Constant	(0.701)	(0.0705)	(1.472)	(0.263)	(0.797)	(0.0774)	(1.693)	(0.125)
Observations	399	47,472	399	47,472	399	47,472	399	47,472
R-squared	0.514	0.444	0.261	0.217	0.405	0.305	0.225	0.215

Estimate	Expected avarege			Difference between groups
Estimate	Gay couples	Hetero couples	Differential	Characteristics	%	Structural	%
q10	1.7101***	1.1525***	0.5576***	0.3052*	55%	0.2523	45%
q20	2.0556***	1.5289***	0.5266***	0.6194***	118%	-0.0928	-18%
q30	2.2993***	1.7113***	0.5879***	0.8292***	141%	-0.2412	-41%
q40	2.5663***	1.9262***	0.6400***	0.9127***	143%	-0.2727	-43%
q50	2.7977***	2.1314***	0.6662***	0.8521***	128%	-0.1858	-28%
q60	3.0597***	2.3423***	0.7174***	0.9270***	129%	-0.2096	-29%
q70	3.3410***	2.6092***	0.7318***	0.7215***	99%	0.0103	1%
q80	3.6351***	2.9867***	0.6484***	0.8082***	125%	-0.1597	-25%
q90	4.2870***	3.6859***	0.6011***	0.5360	89%	0.0650	11%

Estimate	Expected avarege			Difference between groups
Estimate	Lesbian couples	Hetero couples	Differential	Characteristics	%	Structural	%
q10	1.3375***	1.1364***	0.2011***	0.1166*	58%	0.0844	42%
q20	1.5963***	1.5258***	0.0705	0.1248**	177%	-0.0543	-77%
q30	1.8035***	1.6740***	0.1295***	0.1135**	88%	0.0159	12%
q40	2.0130***	1.8412***	0.1717***	0.1386***	81%	0.0331	19%
q50	2.2216***	2.0281***	0.1934***	0.1197**	62%	0.0736	38%
q60	2.4278***	2.2730***	0.1548***	0.1320**	85%	0.0227	15%
q70	2.8283***	2.5601***	0.2681***	0.2489**	93%	0.0191	7%
q80	3.2639***	2.9955***	0.2684***	0.0787	29%	0.1896*	71%
q90	3.9338***	3.6927***	0.2410*	-0.0320	-13%	0.2731	113%

Quantis	Demographic Characteristics and human capital	%	Labor market	%	Groups of primary activities and occupations	%	Geography and time	%
q10	0.1915	63%	0.0514	17%	-0.0493	-16%	0.1115	37%
q20	0.5180***	84%	0.0877*	14%	-0.0479	-8%	0.0615	10%
q30	0.1802	22%	0.0864*	10%	0.2982*	36%	0.2642***	32%
q40	0.2109	23%	0.1197**	13%	0.4652***	51%	0.1168	13%
q50	0.2092	25%	0.1308***	15%	0.3507***	41%	0.1612*	19%
q60	0.3959*	43%	0.1292**	14%	0.1589	17%	0.2429**	26%
q70	0.3983**	55%	0.1865***	26%	-0.0848	-12%	0.2214**	31%
q80	0.6660**	82%	0.2302***	28%	-0.2536	-31%	0.1654	20%
q90	0.1982	37%	0.1772	33%	-0.2281	-43%	0.3887*	73%

Quantis	Demographic Characteristics and human capital	%	Labor market	%	Groups of primary activities and occupations	%	Geography and time	%
q10	0.0734	63%	0.0358	31%	0.0071	6%	0.0003	0,3%
q20	0.0729*	58%	0.0129	10%	0.0395*	32%	-0.0005	-0,4%
q30	0.0862**	76%	-0.0196	-17%	0.0245	22%	0.0224	19,7%
q40	0,0843**	61%	-0.0235	-17%	0.0601**	43%	0.0177	12,8%
q50	0.0695*	58%	-0.0180	-15%	0.0498**	42%	0.0185	15,4%
q60	0.0564	43%	-0.0150	-11%	0.0630**	48%	0.0275	20,8%
q70	0.1751**	70%	-0.0175	-7%	0.0881*	35%	0.0031	1,2%
q80	0.0713	91%	-0.0176	-22%	0.0237	30%	0.0013	1,7%
q90	0.0290	-91%	-0.0074	23%	-0.0065	20%	-0.0469	147,5%

Quantis	Demographic Characteristics and human capital	%	Labor market	%	Groups of primary activities and occupations	%	Geography and time	%	Constant	%
q10	-0.6802	-269%	-0.3424	-136%	-0.0191	-8%	-0.2878	-114%	1.5820	627%
q20	0.2484	-268%	0.6430	-694%	-0.4557*	492%	-0.0963	104%	-0.4321	466%
q30	1.4843*	-615%	0.5330	-221%	-0.1701	71%	0.4745**	-197%	-2.5629*	1063%
q40	1.4973*	-549%	1.2103	-444%	0.2979	-109%	-0.0157	6%	-3.2625**	1196%
q50	1.2879	-692%	0.1330	-71%	0.1123	-60%	0.0885	-48%	-1.8078	971%
q60	1.2367	-590%	0.0356	-17%	-0.1707	81%	0.1851	-88%	-1.4964	714%
q70	0.8032	7875%	1.6744	16416%	-0.4840*	-4745%	0.0454	445%	-2.0288	-19890%
q80	0.9156	-573%	2.7150*	-1698%	-0.7454*	466%	0.0755	-47%	-3.1206	1952%
q90	1.6451	2531%	4.3679*	6720%	-1.0491*	-1614%	0.8628*	1327%	-5.7617*	-8864%

Quantis	Demographic Characteristics and human capital	%	Labor market	%	Groups of primary activities and occupations	%	Geography and time	%	Constant	%
q10	-1.0385	-1229%	-0.0998	-118%	0.1130	134%	-0.6181***	-731%	1.7279*	2045%
q20	-0.6583	1215%	0.1769	-326%	-0.0429	79%	-0.1267	234%	0.5968	-1101%
q30	0.0614	389%	0.1972	1248%	-0.0517	-327%	0.1469	930%	-0.3380	-2139%
q40	0.8929*	2706%	0.0278	84%	0.0866	262%	0.1240	376%	-1.0983	-3328%
q50	0.5106	693%	-0.3861	-524%	0.3593**	488%	0.0518	70%	-0.4619	-627%
q60	0.7311	3221%	0.1206	531%	0.4091*	1802%	0.1908	841%	-1.4289	-6295%
q70	2.5210**	13339%	0.4469	2365%	0.4025	2130%	0.4183	2213%	-3.7698**	-19946%
q80	1.0257	541%	0.9306	491%	0.5256*	277%	0.3182	168%	-2.6106**	-1378%
q90	2.0285	743%	-0.1205	-44%	0.8464*	310%	0.2782	102%	-2.7595	-1010%

Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Publicações Rua Pitágoras, 353 - CEP 13083-857, Tel.: +55 19 3521-5708 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: publicie@unicamp.br

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[TFN1] Source: Elaborated by the authors from the Continuous PNAD.

[TFN2] (a) Added up dummies for employed persons (private and public sector); employers those different from the base reference such as housekeepers, self-employed and auxiliary family workers.

[TFN3] (b) Added up dummies for industry trade, maintenance and repair workers (general); accommodation and food; information, communication and financial, real estate, professional and administrative activities; public administration, defense and health insurance; education, human health and social services; other services. The reference base is constitued of agriculture, livestock, forest production, fishing and aquaculture; domestic services; undefined activities.

[TFN4] (c) Added up dummies for directors and managers; science and intellectual occupations; technicians and professionals; administrative support workers; service workers, shopkeepers and markets; skilled workers, construction workers and artisans, mechanical arts and other qualifications; basic occupations. The reference base is constitued of skilled workers in agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing; plant and machine operators and assemblers; members of Brazilian armed forces, police and military firefighters; undefined occupations.

Brasil

Brasil

Sexual orientation in Brazil using unconditional quantile regression* * The authors are grateful for the CNPq support through the CNPq Universal Call/MCTI n. 01/2016 for Applied Humanities, Social and Social Sciences, Process n. 406564/2016-7.

Abstract

Sexual orientation in Brazil using unconditional quantile regression^* * The authors are grateful for the CNPq support through the CNPq Universal Call/MCTI n. 01/2016 for Applied Humanities, Social and Social Sciences, Process n. 406564/2016-7.