WHEN THE STATE DOES NOT REACH: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN SETTLEMENTS, INDIGENOUS, AND QUILOMBO COMMUNITIES

LOBO, CINARA ARAÚJO; BERNARDINO-COSTA, JOAZE

doi:10.1590/0102-469826309en

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ARTIGO • Educ. rev. 38 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-469826309en copy

WHEN THE STATE DOES NOT REACH: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN SETTLEMENTS, INDIGENOUS, AND QUILOMBO COMMUNITIES

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The article evaluates the effective benefits of the policy to decentralize federal education resources to schools in indigenous and quilombo communities, and settlements. Based on the quantitative analysis of the Basic Education Census data, information on balance and transfer of values from the Dinheiro Direto na Escola Program, and data from the Federation of Industry of Rio de Janeiro, the article relates the volume of transferred resources, the physical structure of schools, and state capacity of the federated entities. The initial hypothesis is that historically excluded communities are in municipalities with low state capacity and greater difficulty to develop differentiated educational policies. The article also raises the hypothesis of the racialization of the State, which normalizes the precarious life of traditional populations. It concludes by calling attention to the complexity of implementing decentralized policies for these communities and the importance of including the role of the racial State in their reflections and evaluations.

Keywords:
state capacity; decentralization; racial State; settlements; indigenous communities; quilombo communities

		FEDERAL	STATE	MUNICIPAL	TOTAL	ENROLLMENTS
Urban	INDIGENOUS	0	14	4	18	2,481
	QUILOMBOLAS	0	12	23	35	11,544
Rural	SETTLEMENTS	3	138	1,078	1,219	99,120
	INDIGENOUS	0	760	1,000	1,760	124,414
	QUILOMBOLAS	1	59	571	631	48,264
	TOTAL	4	983	2,676	3,663	285,823

		STATE	MUNICIPAL	TOTAL	TRANSFERS(R$)	ENROLLMENTS
Urban	INDIGENOUS	21	11	32	174,404.11	6,961
	QUILOMBOLAS	43	113	156	1,231,591.30	54,348
Rural	SETTLEMENTS	166	3,129	3,295	13,968,285.88	321,639
	INDIGENOUS	738	818	1,556	5,257,454.08	114,806
	QUILOMBOLAS	41	1,673	1,714	7,696,974.63	158,305
	TOTAL	1,009	5,744	6,753	28,328,710.00	656,059

		Fixed Amount (a)	Per capita (b)	Number of ENROLLMENTS (c)	Number of schools (d)	c *b	d*a	Total R$
Urban	With ExU	1,000	20.00	3,406	9	68,120.00	9,000.00	77,120.00

	Without ExU	0.00	40.00	10,619	44	424,760.00		424,760.00
Rural	With ExU	2,000	20.00	30,632	295	612,640.00	590,000.00	1,202,640.00

	Without ExU	0.00	60.00	241,166	3,315	14,469,960.00		14,469,960.00
TOTAL				285,823	3,663	15,575,480.00	599,000.00	16,174,480.00

	Transfers (R$)	Balance (R$)	Non-execution (%)
City Halls	6,180,670.00	5,665,872.00	92%
State Secretaries	840,930.00	8,014,512.50	953%
ExU	21,307,110.00	12,517,593.70	59%
TOTAL	28,328,710.00	26,197,978.20	92%

	SETTLEMENTS	%	INDIGENOUS	%	QUILOMBOLAS	%
It works in school building	4,094	91%	2,413	72%	2,450	97%
It works in shed	482	11%	1,004	30%	106	4%
Potable water	3,707	82%	1,994	59%	2,228	88%
Public mains water	890	20%	352	10%	859	34%
Public grid energy	3,861	86%	1,755	52%	2,404	95%
Non-existent energy	398	9%	1,144	34%	55	2%
Bathroom	3,956	88%	1,915	57%	2,401	95%
Library	572	13%	307	9%	352	14%
Kitchen	4,115	91%	1,972	59%	2,405	95%
Cafeteria	784	17%	389	12%	401	16%
Computer lab	597	13%	225	7%	338	13%
Internet	1,537	34%	647	19%	954	38%
Broadband Internet	978	22%	393	12%	712	28%
Average number of rooms used	4		3		4

Pedagogical Material		SETTLEMENTS		INDIGENOUS		QUILOMBOLAS
		Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
INDIGENOUS PEDAGOGICAL MATERIAL	No	3,242	72%	1,029	31%	1,832	72%
	Yes	37	1%	983	29%	17	1%
	Not informed	1,235	27%	1,354	40%	687	27%
ETHNIC PEDAGOGICAL MATERIAL	No	3,135	69%	1,896	56%	1,526	60%
	Yes	144	3%	116	3%	323	13%
	Not informed	1,235	27%	1,354	40%	687	27%
COUNTRYSIDE PEDAGOGICAL MATERIAL	No	2,510	56%	1,757	52%	1,590	63%
	Yes	769	17%	255	8%	259	10%
	Not informed	1,235	27%	1,354	40%	687	27%
INDIGENOUS EDUCATION	Não	4,510	100%	113	3%	2,533	100%
INDIGENOUS EDUCATION	Sim	4	0%	3,253	97%	3	0%
INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE	Indigenous	1	0%	119	4%	0	0%
INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE	Indigenous and Portuguese	0	0%	2,299	68%	1	0%

	IFGF_AUTONOMY (N= 9,722)
	CRITICAL		IN DIFFICULTY		GOOD MANAGEMENT		EXCELLENT
Settlements	3,155	30.3%	470	4.5%	183	1.8%	445	4.3%
Indigenous	2,469	23.7%	252	2.4%	121	1.2%	229	2.2%
Quilombolas	1,972	18.9%	133	1.3%	110	1.1%	183	1.8%
Total	7,596	72.9%	855	8.2%	414	4.0%	857	8.2%
	IFDM (N= 10.019)
	LOW		MODERATE		REGULAR		HIGH
Settlements	28	0.3%	2,694	25.9%	1,531	14.7%	56	0.5%
Indigenous	133	1.3%	2,357	22.6%	752	7.2%	36	0.3%
Quilombolas	21	.2%	1,527	14.7%	878	8.4%	6	0.1%
Total	182	1.7%	6,578	63.2%	3,161	30.3%	98	0.9%
	IFGF (N= 9,722)
	CRITICAL		IN DIFFICULTY		GOOD MANAGEMENT		EXCELLENT
Settlements	2,626	25.2%	1,170	11.2%	305	2.9%	152	1.5%
Indigenous	1,759	16.9%	922	8.9%	350	3.4%	40	0.4%
Quilombolas	1,501	14.4%	712	6.8%	142	1.4%	43	0.4%
Total	5,886	56.5%	2,804	26.9%	797	7.7%	235	2.3%

	ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EARLY YEARS					ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FINAL YEARS
	Average IDEB	Valid	%	Missing	%	Average IDEB	Valid	%	Missing	%
Settlements	4.57	771	17.1%	3,743	82.9%	3.98	585	13.0%	3,929	87.0%
Indigenous	3.66	162	4.8%	3,204	95.2%	3.01	104	3.1%	3,262	96.9%
Quilombolas	4.48	499	19.7%	2,037	80.3%	3.70	365	14.4%	2,171	85.6%
TOTAL	4.43	1,432	13.7%	8,984	86.3%	3.79	1,054	10.1%	9,362	89.9%

Variables	Average	Minimum	1st Quartil	2nd Quartil	3rd Quartil	Maximum
Age-grade distortion (Municipality)	22.4%	1.20%	14.9%	22.5%	29.8%	62%
Age-grade distortion (schools)	27.92%	0%	12.2%	25%	39.9%	97.6%

		Indigenous, quilombolas and settlements schools	All the school
Number		1,623	1,623
Average		114.29	12.52
Median		18.70	10.24
Minimum		0	0
Maximum		17,566.62	98.87
Percentiles	10	0.22	3.27
	20	2.03	5.09
	30	6.54	6.59
	40	12.63	8.30
	50	18.70	10.24
	60	27.91	12.51
	70	38.85	14.99
	80	61.18	18.00
	90	159.27	24.46

IFGF-Autonomy	Quantity of Schools	Balance	Average Balance (R$)	Transfers (R$)	Non-execution (%)
Critical	7,596	17,324,258.29	3,273.67	19,763,228.83	87,7%
In difficulty	855	2,242,970.32	3,424.38	2,406,664.24	93,2%
Good management	414	1,582,859.27	5,089.58	1,433,454.89	110,4%
Excellent	857	3,903,419.63	5,740.32	3,221,977.53	121,1%
Without information	694	1,144,470.69	2,649.24	1,503,384.51	76,1%
Total	10,416	26,197,978.20	3,554.68	28,328,710.00	92,5%

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[1] Cinara Lobo - Project coordination, conceptualization, data collection and analysis, and original writing.