Feenstra and Hanson (1996)Feenstra, R. C., and Hanson, G. H. 1996. “Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality”. American Economic Review 86 (2): 240-245.
|
1972- 1992 |
435 industries / US |
|
Share of imported intermediate inputs in the total purchases of non-energy materials |
Positive effect on the demand for skilled labour |
Strauss-Kahn (2004)Strauss-Kahn, V. 2004. “The Role of Globalization in the Within-Industry Shift Away from Unskilled Workers in France”. Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics (pp. 209-233). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
|
1977- 1993 |
50 manufacturing industries / France |
Share of unskilled workers in industry |
Share of imported inputs embodied in production |
Negative effect in demand for unskilled labour |
Amiti and Wei (2005)Amiti, M., and Wei, S.-J. 2005. “Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified?” Economic Policy 20 (42): 307-347.
|
1995- 2001 |
69 manufacturing industries and 9 from services / UK |
Employment (thousands) |
Share of imported intermediate inputs in the total purchases of non-energy materials; Broad offshoring. |
There is no negative effect of offshoring on the growth of employment |
Groshen et al. (2005)Groshen, E. L., Hobijn, B., and McConnell, M. M. 2005. “U.S. Jobs Gained and Lost through Trade: A Net Measure”. Current Issues in Economics and Finance 11 (8): 1-7.
|
1997- 2003 |
U.S. |
- |
- |
The impact of trade on aggregate US employment is negligible |
Geishecker (2006)Geishecker, I. 2006. “Does Outsourcing to Central and Eastern Europe Really Threaten Manual Workers’ Jobs in Germany?” World Economy 29 (5): 559-83.
|
1991- 2000 |
23 sectors from manufacturing industry / Germany |
The cost share of low-skilled labour (composite measure based on relative employment and relative wages) |
Share of intermediate goods imported on total production of the industry - narrow/broad) |
Offshoring affects the demand for unskilled labour, benefiting the skill upgrading in the labour market |
Hijzen and Swaim (2007)Hijzen, A., and Swaim, P. 2007. “Does offshoring reduce industry employment?” National Institute Economic Review 201 (1): 86-96.
|
1995- 2000 |
17 OECD high income countries |
Employment measured by total persons engaged |
Share of intermediate goods imported on the value added of the industry - narrow and broad. |
No effect or a slightly positive effect on total sectoral employment data |
Cadarso et al. (2008)Cadarso, M. Á., Gómez, N., López, L. A., and Tobarra, M. Á. 2008. “The EU enlargement and the impact of outsourcing on industrial employment in Spain, 1993-2003”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 19: 95-108.
|
1993- 2003 |
93 manufacturing industries/ Spain |
Employment measured by thousands of yearly worked hours per sector |
Share of intermediate goods imported on total production of the industry; Narrow Offshoring; |
Negative effect on employment in the home country |
Liu and Nunnenkamp (2011)Liu, W.-H., and Nunnenkamp, P. 2011. “Domestic Repercussions of Different Types of FDI: Firm-Level Evidence for Taiwanese Manufacturing”. World Development 39 (5): 808-823
|
1996 |
1,770 manufacturing companies / Taiwan |
Ordinal variable with three potential outcome categories (2 - positive effect; 1 - neutral effect; 0 - negative effect) |
Share of overseas employees in overall employees of Taiwanese MNEs |
The probability of FDI have negative effects on production and employment increases with the size of FDI |
Lo Turco and Maggioni (2012)Lo Turco, A., and Maggioni, D. 2012. “Offshoring to High and Low Income Countries and the Labour Demand. Evidence from Italian Firms”. Review of International Economics 20 (3): 636-653.
|
2000- 2004 |
40,479 manufacturing firms / Italy |
Number of workers of the firm operating in an industry |
Share of imported inputs from high wage countries and low wage countries on the total sales |
Negative impact on the conditional labour demand particularly in more traditional sectors |
Michel and Rycx (2012)Michel, B., and Rycx, F. 2012. “Does offshoring of materials and business services affect employment? Evidence from a small open economy”. Applied Economics 44 (2): 229-251.
|
1995-2003 |
58 manufacturing industries and 35 from services / Belgium |
Employment in each industry measured by the number of hours worked per year |
Share of intermediate goods imported on total production of the industry; Broad offshoring. |
Offshoring does not produce remarkable effects on job destruction |