Impacts of a full-time school program on learning, school’s composition and infrastructure: The case of public schools in the state of São Paulo - Brazil

Fukushima, Ian Shinji Ferreira; Quintão, Giovanna Pavlovic; Pazello, Elaine Toldo

doi:10.1590/1980-53575244ige

Ian Shinji Ferreira Fukushima

Mestre em Economia - Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto (FEA-RP/USP) - End.: Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3.900 - Vila Monte Alegre - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. CEP: 14040-905 - E-mail: ianfukushima@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-377X

Giovanna Pavlovic Quintão

Mestre em Economia - Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto (FEA-RP/USP) - End.: Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3.900 - Vila Monte Alegre - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. CEP: 14040-905 - E-mail: giovannaquintao@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-8096

Elaine Toldo Pazello

Professora do Departamento de Economia - Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto (FEA-RP/USP) End.: Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3.900 - Vila Monte Alegre - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil - CEP: 14040-905. E-mail: epazello@usp.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-0660

Editor Responsável: Fábio Waltenberg

	Year:
	2009	2011	2013	2015
PEI	0	0	22	153
Regular full-time	266	196	180	258
State schools	3678	3638	3622	3531

	Treatment		Control
	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation
School census
No. total students***	364.289	143.679	506.481	256.893
No. teachers	121.793	40.550	126.789	56.657
No. staff***	61.393	20.230	70.015	27.618
No. classes***	11.400	3.995	14.712	6.611
Prop. of men**	0.518	0.034	0.512	0.030
Prop. white***	0.511	0.156	0.557	0.196
Prop. teachers with graduation	0.241	0.241	0.255	0.238
Prop. who use public transport ***	0.098	0.175	0.149	0.223
Has sport court***	0.985	0.121	0.950	0.218
Has computer lab.	0.963	0.190	0.964	0.187
Has science lab.***	0.459	0.500	0.314	0.464
Has library	0.059	0.237	0.058	0.233
Regular full-time***	0.481	0.502	0.057	0.231
SAEB
Mathematics test score**	244.804	13.883	242.502	14.818
Portuguese test score**	242.162	13.817	239.808	14.867
Prop. mothers with only high school***	0.179	0.074	0.159	0.074
Prop. mothers with higher education*	0.047	0.038	0.041	0.036
Prop. illiterate mothers***	0.022	0.021	0.029	0.025
Prop. at right age*	0.663	0.117	0.643	0.119
Prop. who work ***	0.097	0.047	0.122	0.056
Prop. had late entrance	0.013	0.015	0.013	0.014
Prop. who had only public school	0.653	0.118	0.656	0.112
Prop. had already failed **	0.142	0.060	0.153	0.065
Prop. had already dropout**	0.026	0.020	0.029	0.021
Prop. with Fridge	0.725	0.111	0.714	0.113
Prop. with TV	0.708	0.107	0.693	0.110
Prop. with Computer***	0.480	0.136	0.437	0.145
Prop. with domestic worker*	0.065	0.035	0.059	0.033
Mean No. of bathrooms	1.380	0.142	1.372	0.159

PEI _start	2013	2014	2015
2009	lead 4	lead 5	lead 6
2011	lead 2	lead 3	lead 4
2013	lag 0	lead 1	lead 2
2015	lag 2	lag 1	lag 0

	*Dependent variable:*
	mathematics scores		Portuguese scores
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
PEI	9.136 ^***	7.069 ^***	9.760 ^***	6.979 ^***
PEI	(0.774)	(0.838)	(0.850)	(0.903)
Regular full-time		−0.031		−0.450
Regular full-time		(0.743)		(0.801)
Covariates		X		X
Observations	14.469	14.469	14.469	14.469
R ²	0.013	0.178	0.012	0.207

	*Dependent variable:*
	mathematics scores		Portuguese scores
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Lead 4	- 1.413	0.154	-2.606	- 0.705
Lead 4	(1.704)	(1.561)	(1.870)	(1.682)
Lead 3	0.579	1.553	- 0.464	0.821
Lead 3	(1.314)	(1.202)	(1.442)	(1.296)
Lead 2	- 2.069	- 1.106	-3.878 ^***	- 2.707
Lead 2	(1.701)	(1.558)	(1.867)	(1.680)
Lead 1	- 0.237	1.066	- 2.011	- 0.424
Lead 1	(1.316)	(1.205)	(1.444)	(1.299)
Lag 0	5.090 ^***	4.326 ^***	4.734 ^**	3.685 ^**
Lag 0	(1.722)	(1.654)	(1.890)	(1.783)
Lag 1	9.743 ^***	8.651 ^***	9.354 ^***	7.702 ^***
Lag 1	(1.311)	(1.280)	(1.439)	(1.380)
Lag 2	14.600 ^***	10.786 ^***	13.184 ^***	8.483 ^***
Lag 2	(2.458)	(2.295)	(2.697)	(2.474)
Regular full-time		0.171		-0.271
Regular full-time		(0.747)		(0.805)
Covariates		X		X
Observations	14.469	14.469	14.469	14.469
R ²	0.015	0.179	0.014	0.208

	*Dependent variable:*
	Treatment
No. total students	-0.005 ^***
No. total students	(0.001)
Prop. mothers with higher education	1.653 ^*
Prop. mothers with higher education	(1.000)
Prop. had already failed	-1.895 ^***
Prop. had already failed	(0.640)
Has sport court	0.629 ^**
Has sport court	(0.275)
No. classes	0.151 ^***
No. classes	(0.039)
No. teachers with graduation per student	0.805 ^***
No. teachers with graduation per student	(0.543)
Constant	- 1.884 ^***
Constant	(0.303)
Observations	3.679
Log Likelihood	-537,968
Akaike Inf. Crit.	1.089,94

	Dependent variable:
	Math scores
	Caliper		Kernel		Radius
PEI	9.049 ^***	7.830 ^***	9.274 ^***	7.658 ^***	9.275 ^***	7.697 ^***
	(1.069)	(1.327)	(0.241)	(0.352)	(0.247)	(0.351)
Covariates		X		X		X
Observations	1,440	1,440	14,055	14,055	14,055	14,055
R ²	0.068	0.241	0.013	0.160	0.013	0.160
	Portuguese scores
	Caliper		Kernel		Radius
PEI	9.745 ^***	8.406 ^***	9.725 ^***	7.654 ^***	9.727 ^***	7.668 ^***
	(1.130)	(1.374)	(0.260)	(0.367)	(0.260)	(0.367)
Covariates		X		X		X
Obserations	1,440	1,440	14,055	14,055	14,055	14,055
R ²	0.071	0.274	0.012	0.193	0.012	0.193

School infrastructure
	δ _x	σ _x	δ _x /σ _x	^β *math*	^δ x ^{× β} *math*	^β *port*	^δ x ^{× β} *port*	R2
No. classes	-0.366*	6.245	-0.059	0.176***	-0.064	0.191***	-0.07	0
	(0.204)			(0.035)		(0.037)
No. total students	25.506***	236.912	0.108	-	-	-	-	0.001
	(7.508)
No. teachers per class	-0.847***	1.276	-0.664	-	-	-	-	0.009
	(0.087)
Has computer lab.	-0.005	0.17	-0.029	-0.213	0	-0.722	0	0
	(0.013)			(0.531)		(0.573)
Has science lab.	0.37***	0.469	0.789	0.068	0	0.303	0	0.027
	(0.022)			(0.319)		(0.343)
Has library	-0.023	0.256	-0.09	-0.581*	0.013	-0.259	0	0
	(0.023)			(0.304)		(0.328)
No. staff per student	-0.022***	0.046	-0.478	2.459	0	0.544	0	0.009
	(0.002)			(3.144)		(3.389)
Prop. teachers with graduation	0.018*	0.185	0.097	0.092	0	-0.963	0	0
Prop. teachers with graduation	(0.01)			(1.718)		(1.852)

Students’ socioeconomic characteristics
	δ _x	σ _x	δ _x /σ _x	^β *math*	^δ _x ^{× β} *math*	^β *port*	^δ _x ^{× β} *port*	R2
Prop. illiterate mothers	0.004** (0.002)	0.024	0.167	-26.764*** (4.1)	-0.107	-26.943*** (4.419)	-0.108	0
Prop. mothers with only high school	0.026*** (0.005)	0.077	0.338	14.002*** (1.606)	0.364	17.636*** (1.731)	0.459	0.002
Prop. mothers with higher education	0.011*** (0.004)	0.08	0.137	19.166*** (2.142)	0.211	22.664*** (2.309)	0.249	0.001
Prop. who work	-0.013*** (0.004)	0.055	-0.236	-16.52*** (1.918)	0.215	-30.811*** (2.067)	0.401	0.001
Prop. with domestic worker	0.007** (0.003)	0.039	0.180	-17.054*** (2.259)	-0.119	-25.666*** (2.435)	-0.18	0
Prop. with TV	0.051***	0.102	0.5	0.833	0	8.733**	0.445	0.004
	(0.008)			(3.778)		(4.072)
Prop. with Computer	0.042***	0.153	0.275	18.897***	0.794	17.148***	0.72	0.003
	(0.007)			(1.54)		(1.66)
Mean No. of bathrooms	0.016**	0.157	0.102	3.534***	0.057	2.541***	0.041	0
	(0.008)			(0.879)		(0.947)
Prop. who use public transport	0.026***	0.231	0.113	-1.5	0	-2.265**	-0.059	0.001
Prop. who use public transport	(0.007)			(1.004)		(1.082)

	δ _x	σ _x	δ _x /σ _x	^β *math*	^δ _x ^{× β} *math*	^β *port*	^δ _x ^{× β} *port*	R2
Prop. of white	-0.005	0.169	-0.03	0.749	0	1.555	0	0
	(0.006)			(1.082)		(1.166)
Prop. of men	-0.016***	0.031	-0.516	-5.573**	0.089	-20.258***	0.324	0.004
	(0.002)			(2.793)		(3.011)
Prop. at right age	0.071***	0.111	0.64	-10.427***	-0.74	-11.696***	-0.83	0.008
	(0.008)			(2.645)		(2.851)
Prop. who had only public school	0.049***	0.104	0.471	14.493***	0.71	18.928***	0.927	0.004
	(0.007)			(2.352)		(2.535)
Prop. had already failed	-0.015***	0.066	-0.227	-35.196***	0.528	-38.827***	0.582	0.001
	(0.005)			(1.813)		(1.954)
Prop. had already dropout	-0.003*	0.024	-0.125	-27.027***	0.081	-23.798***	0.071	0
	(0.002)			(3.758)		(4.051)
Prop. had late entrance	0	0.014	0	-48.57***	0	-53.593***	0	0
	(0.001)			(5.44)		(5.863)

	*Dependent variable:*
	Math CV		Portuguese CV
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
PEI	- 0.001	- 0.003 ^*	-0.011 ^**	-0.008 ^**
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Covariates		X		X
Observations	14,469	14,469	14,469	14,469
R ²	0.0001	0.027	0.003	0.066

D e g r e e o f l e a r n i n g = \frac{T i m e s p e n t l e a r n i n g}{T i m e n e e d e d t o l e a r n} = \frac{f (t i m e, p e r s e v e r a n c e)}{g (a p t i t u d e, q u a l i t y o f i n s t r u c t i o n, a b i l i t y)}

	Dependent variable:
	mathematics scores		Portuguese scores
	(Dif-Dif)	(Caliper)	(Dif-Dif)	(Caliper)
PEI	7.069***	7.830***	6.979***	8.406***
	(0.838)	(1.327)	(0.903)	(1.374)
Prop. illiterate mothers	−26.764***	−7.975	−26.943***	−16.917
	(4.100)	(13.195)	(4.419)	(13.654)
Prop. mothers with higher education	19.166***	17.190***	22.664***	20.670***
	(2.142)	(6.654)	(2.309)	(6.886)
Prop. who work	−16.520***	−17.817***	−30.811***	−40.396***
	(1.918)	(5.920)	(2.067)	(6.126)
Prop. with domestic worker	−17.054***	−4.070	−25.666***	−8.239
	(2.259)	(7.195)	(2.435)	(7.446)
Prop. with Fridge	−0.070	6.335	−2.170	10.315
	(4.153)	(12.604)	(4.476)	(13.043)
Prop. with TV	0.833	-6.973	8.733**	4.663
	(3.778)	(11.872)	(4.072)	(12.285)
Prop. with Computer	18.897***	19.304***	17.148***	13.111***
	(1.540)	(4.702)	(1.660)	(4.866)
Mean No. of bathrooms	3.534***	6.421**	2.541***	3.391
	(0.879)	(2.749)	(0.947)	(2.845)
Prop. who use public transport	−1.500	−1.567	−2.265**	−4.907
	(1.004)	(3.268)	(1.082)	(3.382)
Regular full-time	−0.031	−1.228	−0.450	−2.122
	(0.743)	(1.484)	(0.801)	(1.536)
Prop. white	0.749	6.574	1.555	2.638
	(1.082)	(4.063)	(1.166)	(4.204)
Prop. of men	−5.573**	−3.977	−20.258***	−8.953
	(2.793)	(9.117)	(3.011)	(9.435)
Prop. at right age	−10.427***	−20.223**	−11.696***	−23.119***
	(2.645)	(7.953)	(2.851)	(8.230)
Prop. who had only public school	14.493***	21.578***	18.928***	20.654***
	(2.352)	(6.865)	(2.535)	7.104)
Prop. had already failed	−35.196***	−46.752***	−38.827***	−49.978***
	(1.813)	(5.569)	(1.954)	(5.763)
Prop. had already dropout	−27.027***	−17.380	−23.798***	−22.952*
	(3.758)	(11.700)	(4.051)	(12.107)
Prop. had late entrance	−48.570***	−44.965**	−53.593***	−47.372***
	(5.440)	(17.710)	(5.863)	18.326)
Has computer lab.	−0.213	3.602	−0.722	1.141
	(0.531)	(2.201)	(0.573	(2.277)
Has science lab.	0.068	−0.253	0.303	−0.497
	(0.319)	(0.964)	(0.343)	(0.997)
Has library	−0.581*	1.564	−0.259	1.584
	(0.304)	(1.036)	(0.328)	(1.072)
No. staff per student	2.459	−1.800	0.544	−5.286
	(3.144)	(9.272)	(3.389)	(9.595)
Has sport court	0.497	−4.006	0.845	−3.322
	(0.706)	(3.396)	(0.760)	(3.514)
No. classes	0.176***	0.255*	0.191***	0.225
	(0.035)	(0.154)	(0.037)	(0.159)
Prop. teachers with graduation	0.092	8.836*	−0.963	2.501
	(1.718)	(4.746)	(1.852)	(4.911)
No. teachers with graduation per student	−4.077	−31.461**	−0.734	−10.830
	(5.861)	(14.002)	(6.317)	(14.489)
Observations	14,469	1,440	14,469	1,440
R ²	0.178	0.241	0.207	0.274

	Before Matching			After Matching
	Mean Treatment	Mean Controls	Mean difference	Mean Treatment	Mean Controls	Diff. Of means	% reduction
Distance	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.06	0.06	0.00	99.97
No. total students	364.30	506.48	-142.18	364.30	355.10	9.20	93.53
Prop. mothers with higher education	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.00	87.71
Prop. had already failed	0.14	0.15	-0.01	0.14	0.15	0.01	40.56
Has sport court	0.99	0.95	0.04	0.99	0.98	0.01	79.10
No. classes	11.40	14.71	-3.31	11.40	11.24	0.16	95.19
No. teachers with graduation	0.08	0.07	0.01	0.08	0.07	0.01	41.47

		*True value:*
		PEI	Not-PEI
*Predicted Value:*	Not-PEI	2172	33
*Predicted Value:*	PEI	1371	102

Sensitivity		Specificity	Precision
0.613		0.760	0.985

[1] Editor Responsável: Fábio Waltenberg

Brasil

Brasil

Impacts of a full-time school program on learning, school’s composition and infrastructure: The case of public schools in the state of São Paulo - Brazil

Abstract