Divergence in female entrepreneurial activity: an international comparison

Morales-Urrutia, Ximena

doi:10.1590/1980-53575314xmu

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Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo)

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Artigo de Pesquisa • Estud. Econ. 53 (1) • Jan-Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-53575314xmu copy

Divergence in female entrepreneurial activity: an international comparison ^♦ ♦ Acknowledgments - We would like to thank the Technical University of Ambato and the Department of Research and Development (DIDE), in Ecuador, for their support.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of the study is to analyze female entrepreneurship in eighteen countries in America and Europe during the period 2003 to 2015, identifying some factors associated with it. It focuses on the New Institutional Economics, which considers the role played by institutions (formal and informal) in the materialization of entrepreneurship. The study uses a multivariate statistical analysis based on two different sources (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and World Bank) to explain the phenomenon based on various institutional factors (financing, government programs and policies, social and cultural aspects, administrative procedures, corruption). The results reveal some factors associated with female entrepreneurship, highlighting socio-cultural conditions, government policies, knowledge and skills of female entrepreneurs. These findings provide information derived from various policy adjustments and changes related to female entrepreneurship.

Keywords
Entrepreneurial activity; Entrepreneurship and gender; International entrepreneurship

Factors	Code	Description	Source
Formal	ENTFIN	Valuation of the financial environment	GEM
	POLGOB	Valuation of government policies
	PROGOB	Valuation of the country’s government support programs
	NIVEDU	Education level
Informal	VISEMP	Appreciation of women’s vision for entrepreneurship
	CAROPT	Question assessing whether setting up a company is a socially accepted professional option for women.
	ENCSELF	Question assessing whether self-employment or business creation is encouraged among women.
	CONEMP	Question assessing whether women have equal access to excellent opportunities to create a company.
	KNOEMP	Question assessing whether women have the same level of knowledge and skills for business creation.
	FEARFA	Level of fear of failure
Formal	NUMIMP	Number of tax payment procedures	WB
	HORIMP	Number of hours for tax payment procedure
	TIEMSB	Number of days for business opening procedure
	NUMSB	Number of procedures for opening a business
	CAPTSB	Minimum capital percentage to start a business
Informal	EFEGOB	Government effectiveness
	CALREG	Regulatory quality
	CONTCOR	Control of corruption

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy		0.712
Bartlett’s test of sphericity	Chi squared Approx	1279.888
	gl	55
	Sig.	0.000

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy		0.707
Bartlett’s test of sphericity	Chi squared Approx	2906.501
	gl	55
	Sig.	0.000

GEM Component	Initial eigenvalues			WB Component	Initial eigenvalues
GEM Component	Total	% of variance	% Acum.	WB Component	Total	% of variance	% Acum.
Formal – economic, political and educa- tion environment	3.550	32.275	32.275	Governance factor vs. ease of doing business	4.310	53.878	53.878
Informal – social perception of female entrepreneurship	2.237	20.337	52.612	Factor proce- dures to start a business	1.425	17.814	71.692
Non representative	1.314	11.945	64.557

	Components
	Formal factors – economic, political and education environment	Informal factors – social and cultural perception of entrepreneurship	Non representative
POLGOB	0.856
ENTFIN	0.850
PROGOB	0.822
NIVEDU	0.792
CONEMP		0.712	0.373
FEARFA		-0.693
CAROPT		0.575
ENCSELF		0.540
VISEMP		0.446
KNOEMP		0.514	0.566

	Components
	Governance factor vs. ease of doing business	Factor procedures to start a business
EFEGOB	0.949
CALREG	0.927
CONTCOR	0.909
NUMSB	-0.881	0.133
TIEMSB	-0.716
HORIMP	-0.616
CAPTSB		0.830
NUMIMP		0.804

Departamento de Economia; Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Atuária da Universidade de São Paulo (FEA-USP) Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908 - FEA 01 - Cid. Universitária, CEP: 05508-010 - São Paulo/SP - Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-5803/5947 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: estudoseconomicos@usp.br

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[1] ♦
Acknowledgments - We would like to thank the Technical University of Ambato and the Department of Research and Development (DIDE), in Ecuador, for their support.

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Divergence in female entrepreneurial activity: an international comparison ♦ ♦ Acknowledgments - We would like to thank the Technical University of Ambato and the Department of Research and Development (DIDE), in Ecuador, for their support.

Abstract

Divergence in female entrepreneurial activity: an international comparison ^♦ ♦ Acknowledgments - We would like to thank the Technical University of Ambato and the Department of Research and Development (DIDE), in Ecuador, for their support.