Abd-Elsalam et al.,(1414 Abd-Elsalam S, Esmail ES, Khalaf M, Abdo EF, Medhat MA, Abd El Ghafar MS, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: a multicenter randomized controlled study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1635-9. Retraction in: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107(3):1.) |
Egypt |
Hospital |
HCQ |
800mg (1 day), maintenance 400mg/day (15 days) |
Standard of care, oseltamivir (if needed) |
18+ |
97 |
97 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Cavalcanti et al.,(1515 Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, Azevedo LC, Veiga VC, Avezum A, Damiani LP, Marcadenti A, Kawano-Dourado L, Lisboa T, Junqueira DL, de Barros E Silva PG, Tramujas L, Abreu-Silva EO, Laranjeira LN, Soares AT, Echenique LS, Pereira AJ, Freitas FG, Gebara OC, Dantas VC, Furtado RH, Milan EP, Golin NA, Cardoso FF, Maia IS, Hoffmann Filho CR, Kormann AP, Amazonas RB, Bocchi de Oliveira MF, Serpa-Neto A, Falavigna M, Lopes RD, Machado FR, Berwanger O; Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I Investigators. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in mild-to-moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):2041-52. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):e119.) |
Brazil |
Hospital |
HCQ |
800mg/day (7 days) |
Standard of care |
18+ |
221 |
227 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Chen et al.,(1616 Chen L, Zhang Z, Fu J, Feng Z, Zhang S, Han Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study. medRxiv. 2020. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20136...
) |
China (Taiwan) |
Hospital |
HCQ |
1000mg (1 day), maintence 500mg/day (9 days) |
Standard of care |
18+ |
19 |
11 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Lyngbakken et al.,(1717 Lyngbakken MN, Berdal JE, Eskesen A, Kvale D, Olsen IC, Rueegg CS, et al. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial reports lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine on coronavirus disease 2019 viral kinetics. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5284.) |
Norway |
Hospital |
HCQ |
400mg/day for 7 days |
Standard of care |
18+ |
26 |
25 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Pan et al.(1818 WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo AM, Preziosi MP, Sathiyamoorthy V, Abdool Karim Q, Alejandria MM, Hernández García C, Kieny MP, Malekzadeh R, Murthy S, Reddy KS, Roses Periago M, Abi Hanna P, Ader F, Al-Bader AM, Alhasawi A, Allum E, Alotaibi A, Alvarez-Moreno CA, Appadoo S, Asiri A, Aukrust P, Barratt-Due A, Bellani S, Branca M, Cappel-Porter HB, Cerrato N, Chow TS, Como N, Eustace J, García PJ, Godbole S, Gotuzzo E, Griskevicius L, Hamra R, Hassan M, Hassany M, Hutton D, Irmansyah I, Jancoriene L, Kirwan J, Kumar S, Lennon P, Lopardo G, Lydon P, Magrini N, Maguire T, Manevska S, Manuel O, McGinty S, Medina MT, Mesa Rubio ML, Miranda-Montoya MC, Nel J, Nunes EP, Perola M, Portolés A, Rasmin MR, Raza A, Rees H, Reges PP, Rogers CA, Salami K, Salvadori MI, Sinani N, Sterne JA, Stevanovikj M, Tacconelli E, Tikkinen KA, Trelle S, Zaid H, Røttingen JA, Swaminathan S. Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19 - interim WHO Solidarity Trial results. N Engl J Med. 2020;384(6):497-511.) |
WHO (30 countries) |
Hospital |
HCQ |
800mg (1 day), 800mg after 6 hours, maintenance 800mg/day (10 days) |
Standard of care |
18+ |
954 |
906 |
Any |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
RECOVERY et al.,(1919 RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse T, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):2030-40.) |
UK |
Hospital |
HCQ |
1600mg/day, 800mg/day (for 10 days) or discharge |
Standard of care |
Any |
1,561 |
3,155 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Self et al.,(2020 Self WH, Semler MW, Leither LM, Casey JD, Angus DC, Brower RG, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on clinical status at 14 days in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(21):2165-26.) |
USA |
Hospital Non-Hospital |
HCQ |
800mg (1 day), maintenance 400mg/day (4 days) |
Placebo |
18+ |
242 |
237 |
Oropharyngeal swab |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Skipper et al.,(2121 Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, Lofgren SM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(8):623-31. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):435.) |
USA Canada |
Non-hospital |
HCQ |
800mg+600mg (1 day), maintenance 600mg/day (4 days) |
Placebo |
18+ |
244 |
247 |
Oropharyngeal swab, or symptoms and exposure |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Tang et al.,(2222 Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;369:m1849.) |
China |
Hospital |
HCQ |
1200mg/day (3 days), maintenance 800mg/day |
Standard of care |
18+ |
75 |
75 |
Oropharyngeal sample |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |