Sociodemographic factors associated with pregnant women's level of knowledge about oral health

Barbieri, Wander; Peres, Stela Verzinhasse; Pereira, Carla de Britto; Peres Neto, João; Sousa, Maria da Luz Rosário de; Cortellazzi, Karine Laura

doi:10.1590/S1679-45082018AO4079

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Original Article • Einstein (São Paulo) 16 (1) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082018AO4079 copy

Sociodemographic factors associated with pregnant women's level of knowledge about oral health

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate knowledge on oral health and associated sociodemographic factors in pregnant women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with a sample of 195 pregnant women seen at the Primary Care Unit Paraisópolis I, in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. For statistical analysis, χ² or Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression were used. A significance level of 5% was used in all analyses.

Results

Schooling level equal to or greater than 8 years and having one or two children were associated with an adequate knowledge about oral health.

Conclusion

Oral health promotion strategies during prenatal care should take into account sociodemographic aspects.

Keywords
Pregnant women; Oral health; Prenatal care; Primary health care; Social conditions

Categorys		n (%)
Schooling, years
	1-3	10 (5.1)
	4-7	52 (26.7)
	8-11	94 (48.2)
	≥12	39 (20.0)
Race
	White	51 (26.4)
	Black	25 (13.0)
	Brown	113 (57.5)
	Yellow	6(3.1)
Work outside the home
	No	97 (49.7)
	Yes	98 (50.3)
Work load/day^* * Percentage over 98 pregnant women working outside home, showing an unknown value.
	4-8 hours	73 (75.3)
	9-14 hours	24 (24.7)
High-risk pregnancy
	No	193 (99.0)
	Yes	2 (1.0)
Age, years
	14-19	29 (14.9)
	20-29	112 (57.4)
	≥30	54 (27.7)
Children
	None	90 (46.2)
	1-2	85 (43.6)
	≥3	20 (10.2)
Previous pregnancy
	No	61 (31.3)
	Yes	134 (68.7)
Miscarriages/abortions
	No	152 (77.9)
	Yes	43 (22.1)
Knowledge level
	Low (<37%)	50 (25.6)
	Moderate (37-55%)	73 (37.5)
	High (>55%)	72 (36.9)

Questions		n (%)
As for redingtonite, it is correct to say that:
	Suckling on the breast is an important exercise for developing the mouth and creating correct swallowing habits	11 (5.6)
	In the first six months of the baby's life, milk is essential and, ideally, breast milk because it has all nutrients needed for the baby and this her teeth formotion	42 (21.5)
	Breast milk has antibodies responsible for the body's defense	7 (3.6)
	Breastfeeding is a source of satisfaction, pleasure and safety to the child.	5 (2.6)
	All alternatives are correct^* * This statement is the right answer	118 (60.5)
	I don't know	12 (6.2)
Regarding oral hygiene of the newborn, which statement is correct:
	Use toothbrush only	5 (2.6)
	Use toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste	8 (4.1)
	Use gauze or cloth wet with clean water^* * This statement is the right answer	130 (66.7)
	Since babies do not have teeth, it is not necessary to clean their mouth	16 (8.2)
	Only the dentist should clean the baby's mouth	7 (3.6)
	I don't know	29 (14.9)
In your perception, which statement is correct in respect to baby teeth:
	Since they are temporary, baby teeth do not need any sort of care	8 (4.1)
	They guide the eruption or “coming in” of permanent teeth^* * This statement is the right answer	67 (34.4)
	They emerge in the mouth when the mother stops breastfeeding the baby	5 (2.6)
	They fall easily because they have no roots	41 (21.0)
	I don't know	74 (37.9)
Regarding children's oral hygiene, which statement is correct:
	From 2 years of age, children can brush their own teeth	10 (5.1)
	Children start flossing from the age of 7	8 (4.1)
	Parents should help and supervise brushing and flossing of their children up to age 6^* * This statement is the right answer	154 (79.0)
	Up to age 3, children must not use toothpaste	6 (3.1)
	I don't know	17 (8.7)
At what age does the first permanent tooth start to emerge?
	Around 6 months to 1 year old	38 (19.5)
	From 2 to 3 years old	19 (9.7)
	From 5 to 6 years old^* * This statement is the right answer	61 (31.3)
	From 8 to 9 years old	32 (16.4)
	From 11 to 12 years old	8 (4.1)
	I don't know	37 (19.0)
Some people have strong teeth due to:
	Transmission from parents (heredity)	8 (4.1)
	Types of races	3 (1.5)
	Good financial condition	2 (1.0)
	Good oral hygiene and eating habits^* * This statement is the right answer	170 (87.2)
	I don't know	12 (6.2)
Dental caries is not primarily caused by:
	Malformation of the tooth structure	41 (21.0)
	Bacteria on teeth	6(3.1)
	Constant use of antibiotics^* * This statement is the right answer	25 (12.8)
	Lack of saliva in the mouth	24 (12.3)
	Frequent intake of sugary products	18 (9.2)
	I don't know	81 (41.5)
To avoid inflammation of the gums, it is necessary to perform oral hygiene procedures, correctly using:
	Toothbrush only	4 (2.1)
	Toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste only	37 (19.0)
	Toothbrush and floss^* * This statement is the right answer	81 (41.5)
	Special mouthwashes and fluoride solutions	53 (27.2)
	I don't know	20 (10.3)
During pregnancy, the increase in deantal caries occurrences is due to:
	Weakening of teeth by loss of calcium	57 (29.2)
	Higher intake of sugary products^* * This statement is the right answer	39 (20.0)
	Hormonal changes	37 (19.0)
	Drugs (e.g. antibiotics)	13 (6.7)
	I don't know	49 (25.1)
During pregnancy, do you think dental treatment should be:
	Preventive and regular^* * This statement is the right answer	118 (60.5)
	Avoided during the entire pregnancy period	18 (9.2)
	In cases of urgency	19 (9.7)
	For pregnant women who do not use fluoridated water	3 (1.5)
	I don't know	37 (19.0)
Fluoride is important:
	Only in childhood, at the time of teeth formation and eruption	2 (1.0)
	In adult life	9 (4.6)
	In all phases of life^* * This statement is the right answer	162 (83.1)
	I don't know	22 (11.3)

Adequate		Knowledge about oral health		χ²	OR	95%CI	p value
Adequate		Adequate n (%)	Inadequate n (%)	χ²	OR	95%CI	p value
Scholling, years
	1-7	40 (64.5)	22 (35.5)	0.032	1.0
	≥8	105 (78.9)	28 (21.1)	0.032	0.48	0.25-0.94	0.033
Race
	White	41 (80.4)	10 (19.6)	0.269	1.0
	Black, brown, yellow	103 (72.5)	39 (27.5)	0.269	1.55	0.71-3.40	0.271
Work outside home
	No	67 (69.1)	30 (30.9)	0.093	1.0
	Yes	78 (79.6)	20 (20.4)	0.093	0.57	0.30-1.10	0.094
Work load/day, hours
	4-8	58 (79.5)	15 (20.5)	1.000	1.0
	9-14	19 (79.2)	5 (20.8)	1.000	1.02	0.33-3.17	0.976
Age range, years
	14-19	18 (62.1)	11 (37.9)	0.053	1.0
	20-29	81 (72.3)	31 (27.7)		0.63	0.27-1.47	0.284
	≥30	46 (85.2)	8 (14.8)		0.28	0.10-0.82	0.020
Children
	None	56 (62.2)	34 (37.8)	0.002	1.0
	1-2	72 (84.7)	13 (15.3)		0.30	0.14-0.62	0.001
	≥3	17 (85.0)	3 (15.0)		0.29	0.08-1.10	0.062
Previous pregnancy
	No	37 (60.7)	24 (39.3)	0.003	1.0
	Yes	108 (80.6)	26 (19.4)	0.003	0.37	0.19-0.72	0.004
Miscarriages/abortions
	No	114 (75.0)	38 (25.0)	0.700	1.0
	Yes	31 (72.1)	12 (27.9)	0.700	1.16	0.54-2.48	0.700

Variables		Adjusted OR^* * OR adjusted by the continuous variable age of pregnant woman; the category “inadequate” refers to a dependent variable.	95%CI	p value
Schooling, years
	1-7	1.0
	≥8	0.36	0.17-0.75	0.007
	None	1.0
Children
	1-2	0.34	0.16-0.75	0.007
	≥3	0.36	0.07-1.76	0.208

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[1] Corresponding author: Wander Barbieri, Rua Lima e Silva, 379 – Ipiranga, Zip code: 04215-020 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Phone: (11) 995744378 E-mail: wanderbarbieri@hotmail.com