Mehler et al.(44. Mehler DM, Sokunbi MO, Habes I, Barawi K, Subramanian L, Range M, et al. Targeting the affective brain-a randomized controlled trial of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in patients with depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(13):2578-85.) |
fMRI-NF |
Any mental strategy NFE: imagery of positive stimuli NFS: imagery of scenes |
HDRS, HADS |
5 |
Significant improvement up to 25% upregulation of emotion areas and 50% upregulation of a control region activated by visual scenes |
Tsuchiyagaito et al.(55. Tsuchiyagaito A, Smith JL, El-Sabbagh N, Zotev V, Misaki M, Al Zoubi O, et al. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback amygdala training may influence kynurenine pathway metabolism in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2021;29:102559.) |
rtfMRI-NF |
Upregulated LA activity with kynurenine measured using two task block regressors, “happy” and “count” |
MADRS |
2 |
Thirteen participants exhibited a ≥25% reduction in the MADRS score |
Cheon et al.(66. Cheon EJ, Koo BH, Choi JH. The Efficacy of Neurofeedback in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: an Open Labeled Prospective Study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2016;41(1):103-10.) |
Asymmetry rotocol |
Training of the left hemisphere with beta waves at F3 and with alpha/theta waves at Pz |
HAM-D, HAM-A, BDI-II, BAI |
16 to 24 |
Significant improvement in HAM-D scores |
Chen et al.(77. Chen TC, Lin IM. The learning effects and curves during high beta down-training neurofeedback for patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:235-42.) |
Asymmetry protocol |
Training with delta, theta, alpha, and low and high beta waves at P3 and P4 |
BDI-II, BAI |
10 |
Significant improvement of cognitive depression but not somatic depression |
Wang et al.(1414. Wang SY, Lin IM, Peper E, Chen YT, Tang TC, Yeh YC, et al. The efficacy of neurofeedback among patients with major depressive disorder: preliminary study. NeuroRegulation. 2016;3(3):127–34.) |
Asymmetry protocol |
ALAY protocol, down-training of the alpha power at F3, and up-training of alpha power at F4 |
BDI-II, BAI |
6 |
57.14% of the subjects did not respond to the intervention |
Choi et al.(1515. Choi SW, Chi SE, Chung SY, Kim JW, Ahn CY, Kim HT. Is alpha wave neurofeedback effective with randomized clinical trials in depression? A pilot study. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63(1):43-51.) |
Asymmetry protocol |
EEG from F3 and F4 in a trial with classical music where the participants had to keep the sound on and try to raise its volume |
HAM-D, BDI-II |
50% of the participants with depression showed significant improvement |
50% of the participants with depression showed significant improvement |
Zotev et al.(1616. Zotev V, Yuan H, Misaki M, Phillips R, Young KD, Feldner MT, et al. Correlation between amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry during real-time fMRI neurofeedback training in patients with depression. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;11:224-38.) |
rtfMRI-EEG-NF |
Real-time display screen for happy memories, with task runs and simultaneously frontal EEG in the upper alpha band |
HDRS, HARS, MADRS, SHAPS, HAS, TAS, POMS, STAI, VAS |
2 |
Significant improvement by VAS, POMS, HDRS, and SHAPS |
Zotev et al.(1717. Zotev V, Bodurka J. Effects of simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback in major depressive disorder evaluated with brain electromagnetic tomography. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102459.) |
rtfMRI-EEG-NF |
Real-time GUI display screen for happy memories with task runs alpha and high-beta EEG for F3 and F4 |
MADRS, POMS, STAI, SHAPS |
Differences between the control and experimental groups did not reach significance |
The control and experimental group were not significantly different |
Takamura et al.(1818. Takamura M, Okamoto Y, Shibasaki C, Yoshino A, Okada G, Ichikawa N, et al. Antidepressive effect of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurofeedback in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary report. J Affect Disord. 2020;271:224-7.) |
rtfMRI-NF |
A run of rest block (gray) and up-regulation block (green) that the participants had to raise the signal in the green as compared to the gray signal, target ROI |
BDI-II, HDRS, RRQ |
5 |
Significant improvement by RRQ |
Young et al.(1919. Young KD, Zotev V, Phillips R, Misaki M, Yuan H, Drevets WC, et al. Real-time FMRI neurofeedback training of a mygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder. PloS One. 2014;9(2):e88785.) |
rtfMRI-NF |
Real-time display screen to recall happy autobiographical memories with task runs, target ROI |
MADRS, POMS, VAS, STAI |
1 |
Significant improvement in the scales related to mood effects |
Young et al.(2020. Young KD, Siegle GJ, Zotev V, Phillips R, Misaki M, Yuan H, et al. Randomized clinical trial of real-time fmri amygdala neurofeedback for major depressive disorder: effects on symptoms and autobiographical memory recall. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(8):748-55.) |
rtfMRI-NF |
Patients had to retrieve positive memories while attempting to increase the hemodynamic activity in the assigned region. With task runs. |
MADRS, BDI-II, SHAPS, HAM-D, HAM-A, BDI-II, SHPS |
2 |
The responder groups exhibited significant improvement |
Schneider et al.(2121. Schneider F, Heimann H, Mattes R, Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N. Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in psychiatric patients: depression. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1992;17(3):203-14.) |
SCP-NF |
Trial of visual feedback of SCP where the assignment of trial type (negative or positive slow potential) was discriminated by the stimuli |
HAM-D, GAS, BPRS |
20 |
Minimal correlation with depression scales |
Liu(2222. Liu H. Neurofeedback training intervention for persons with major depression disorder: Reducing depressive symptoms. NeuroQuantology. 2017;15(3):179–84.) |
Asymmetry protocol |
Alpha-beta protocol (suppress alpha wave and amplified beta wave) of the left hemisphere at F3 and two other electrodes on the eardrum |
BDI-II |
9 |
No significant improvement |