Estereótipos de gênero em STEM: uma revisão sistemática de estudos realizados no ensino fundamental e médio

Zúñiga-Mejías, Vanessa; Huincahue, Jaime

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ARTICLES • Educ. Pesqui. 50 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-4634202450258677 copiar

Estereótipos de gênero em STEM: uma revisão sistemática de estudos realizados no ensino fundamental e médio

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Atualmente, há ambiguidade quanto ao volume de pesquisas empíricas que exploram estereótipos de gênero vinculados às áreas de STEM na educação básica e secundária. Para esclarecer a literatura prevalente e os desafios pertinentes, realizamos uma revisão sistemática, aderindo às diretrizes PRISMA. Este exame abrangeu estudos empíricos oriundos da Scopus e Web of Science, culminando na inclusão de vinte e quatro estudos. Os achados destacam a imperativa necessidade de aumentar as pesquisas anteriores que fornecem insights empíricos sobre as narrativas sociais e científicas em torno dos estereótipos de gênero. Esta revisão ilumina as disparidades de gênero dentro do sistema educacional e a reduzida participação feminina nas áreas de STEM. Concomitantemente, defende a formulação de políticas públicas e intervenções precoces para destacar como as disciplinas de STEM podem reduzir esses desequilíbrios de gênero nos estágios de educação básica e secundária. Do nosso ponto de vista, esta revisão sistemática catalisará futuras investigações empíricas. Seja proveniente de práticas do mundo real ou voltada para o enriquecimento de um quadro teórico específico, tais pesquisas, especialmente envolvendo estudantes de países latino-americanos, são essenciais. Notavelmente, nossa busca não encontrou estudos abordando os temas tratados nesta investigação sobre essas regiões. Portanto, é urgente acelerar os esforços nesses territórios para reconhecer os obstáculos culturais e sociais que afetam a educação em STEM.

Palavras-chave:
Ensino fundamental; Ensino médio; Estereótipos de gênero; STEM; Pesquisa empírica em educação

Research	Country/nation	School level	Sample	Female sample
*Alam et al. (2021*ALAM, M Sultana et al. Factors that influence high school female students’ intentions to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Serdang, v. 29, n. 2, p. 839-867, jun. 2021.)	Malaysia	Secondary	211	211
Berra & Cavaletto (2020BERRA, Mariella; CAVALETTO, Giulia Maria. Overcoming the STEM gender gap: From school to work. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, Padua, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1-21, jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-ijse-2020-2-1 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14658... )	Italy	Secondary	572	304
*Breda et al. (2020*BREDA, Thomas et al. Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox. Pnas, Washington, DC, v. 117, n. 49, p. 31063-31069, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008704117 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/... )	66 nations	Secondary	300.000	No specified
*Colantonio et al. (2021*COLANTONIO, Arturo et al. Describing astronomy identity of upper primary and middle school students through structural equation modeling. Physical Review Physics Education Research, Ridge, v. 17, Art. 010139, may 2021. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.010139 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducR... )	Italy	Primary-Secondary	893	470
Ergun & Balcin (2019ERGUN, Aysegul; BALCIN, Muhammed Dogukan. The perception of engineers by middle school students through drawings. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, Ankara, n. 83, p. 1-28, jun. 2019.)	Turkey	Secondary	119	57
*Fernández-Cézar et al. (2020)*FERNÁNDEZ-CÉZAR, Raquel et al. Equity or stereotypes in science education? Perspectives from pre-University students. Sustainability, Basel, v. 12, n. 22, Art. 9354, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229354 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229354...	Spain	Secondary	404	188
*Fernández-García et al. (2019)*FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA, Carmen Maria et al. Parental support, self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and interests in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Universitas Psychologica, Bogotá, v. 18, n. 2, p. 1-15, jul. 2019.	Spain	Secondary	2.364	1.197
*González-Pérez et al. (2020)*GONZÁLEZ-PÉREZ, Susana; MATEOS DE CABO, Ruth; SÁINZ, Milagros. Young women in STEM: Is it a female role-model thing? Frontiers in Psychology, Lausana, v. 11, Art. 2204, sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02204 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...	Spain	Primary-Secondary	304	304
*Hopp et al. (2020*HOPP, Manuel D. S.; STOEGER, Heidrun; ZIEGLER, Albert. The supporting role of mentees’ peers in online mentoring: A longitudinal social network analysis of peer influence. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 11, Art. 1929, aug. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01929 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01929... )	Germany	Secondary	124	124
*Ikonen et al. (2019*IKONEN, Kirsi et al. Finnish ninth graders’ gender appropriateness of occupations. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, London, v. 15, n. 12, Art. em1811, aug. 2019. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/111995 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29333... )	Finland	Primary	246	150
*Isaacson et al. (2020*ISAACSON, Sivan et al. She space: A multi-disciplinary, project-based learning program for high school young women. Acta Astronautica, Amsterdam, v. 168, p. 155-163, dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Israel	Secondary	20	20
Ito & McPherson (2018ITO, Tiffany A.; MCPHERSON, Erin. Factors influencing high school students’ interest in pSTEM. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 9, Art. 1535, aug. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01535 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	United States	Secondary	127/256	53/121
Liu (2020LIU, Ran. Do family privileges bring gender equality? instrumentalism and (De) stereotyping of STEM career aspiration among chinese adolescents. Social Forces, Oxford, v. 99, n. 1, p. 230-254, sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz137 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/... )	China	Secondary	18.032	No specified
*Makarova et al. (2019*MAKAROVA, Elena; AESCHLIMANN, Belinda; HERZOG, Walter. The gender gap in STEM fields: The impact of the gender stereotype of math and science on secondary students’ career aspirations. Frontiers in Education, Lausana, v. 4, Art. 60, jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	Sweden	Secondary	1.364	738
*Master et al. (2017*MASTER, Allison et al. Programming experience promotes higher STEM motivation among first-grade young women. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 160, p. 92-106, aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.013 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	United States	Primary	96	48
*McGuire et al. (2020)*MCGUIRE, Luke; JEFFERYS, Emma; RUTLAND, Adam. Children’s evaluations of deviant peers in the context of science and technology: the role of gender group norms and status. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , Amsterdam, v. 195, Art. 104845, jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104845 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...	United Kingdom	Primary	213	110
*Muenks et al. (2020*MUENKS, Katherine et al. Parents’ beliefs about high school students’ spatial abilities: gender differences and associations with parent Encouragement to pursue a STEM career and students’ STEM career intentions. Sex Roles , New York, v. 82, p. 570-583, jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01072-6 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )	United States	Secondary	117	62
*Selimbegović et al. (2019*SELIMBEGOVIĆ, Leila et al. The independent contributions of gender stereotypes and gender identification in predicting primary school pupils’ expectancies of success in STEM fields. Psychology in the Schools, Hoboken, p. 1-19, jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22296 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/... )	Croatia	Primary	880	438
*Sinclair et al* (2019**SINCLAIR, Samantha; NILSSON, Artur; CEDERSKÄR, Elmedina. Explaining gender-typed educational choice in adolescence: the role of social identity, self-concept, goals, grades, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior , Amsterdam, v. 110, p. 54-71, feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.11.007 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Sweden	Secondary	456	190
Starr & Simpkin (2021STARR, Christine R.; SIMPKINS, Sandra D. High school students’ math and science gender stereotypes: relations with their STEM outcomes and socializers’ stereotypes. Social Psychology of Education, Dordrecht, v. 24, p. 273-298, feb. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09611-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )	United States	Secondary	22.190	11.095
*Steegh et al. (2020*STEEGH, Anneke et al. First steps toward gender equity in the chemistry olympiad: understanding the role of implicit gender-science stereotypes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Hoboken, p. 1-29, jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21645 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/... )	Germany	Secondary	445	227
*Steegh et al. (2021*STEEGH, Anneke et al. Exploring science competition participants’ expectancy-value perceptions and identification: A latent profile analysis. Learning and Instruction, Amsterdam, v. 74, Art. 101455, aug. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101455 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Germany	Secondary	445	227
Tolbert (2020TOLBERT, DeLean. Young women can do STEAM too-investigating the influence of a STEAM career awareness workshop on Tanzanian and Zimbabwean secondary school young women’ perception of careers in STEAM. Global Journal of Engineering Education, Melbourne, v. 22, n. 2, p. 76-84, 2020.)	Tanzania-Zimbawe	Secondary	170	170
*Wille et al. (2018*WILLE, Eike et al. Gender stereotypes in a children’s television program: Effects on young women’ and young men’ stereotype endorsement, math performance, motivational dispositions, and attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 9, Art. 2435, dec. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02435 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	Germany	Primary	335	163

Research	Perspective	Techniques	Analysis
*Alam et al. (2021*ALAM, M Sultana et al. Factors that influence high school female students’ intentions to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Serdang, v. 29, n. 2, p. 839-867, jun. 2021.)	Quantitative	Survey	Correlational
Berra & Cavaletto (2020BERRA, Mariella; CAVALETTO, Giulia Maria. Overcoming the STEM gender gap: From school to work. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, Padua, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1-21, jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-ijse-2020-2-1 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14658... )	Quantitative/Qualitative	Survey/Observation	Descriptive
*Breda et al. (2020*BREDA, Thomas et al. Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox. Pnas, Washington, DC, v. 117, n. 49, p. 31063-31069, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008704117 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/... )	Quantitative	Test	Correlational
*Colantonio et al. (2021*COLANTONIO, Arturo et al. Describing astronomy identity of upper primary and middle school students through structural equation modeling. Physical Review Physics Education Research, Ridge, v. 17, Art. 010139, may 2021. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.010139 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducR... )	Quantitative	Survey	Descriptive/Correlational
Ergun & Balcin (2019ERGUN, Aysegul; BALCIN, Muhammed Dogukan. The perception of engineers by middle school students through drawings. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, Ankara, n. 83, p. 1-28, jun. 2019.)	Quantitative	Survey	Descriptive
*Fernández-Cézar et al. (2020)*FERNÁNDEZ-CÉZAR, Raquel et al. Equity or stereotypes in science education? Perspectives from pre-University students. Sustainability, Basel, v. 12, n. 22, Art. 9354, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229354 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229354...	Quantitative	Questionnaire	Descriptive/Inferential
*Fernández-García et al. (2019)*FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA, Carmen Maria et al. Parental support, self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and interests in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Universitas Psychologica, Bogotá, v. 18, n. 2, p. 1-15, jul. 2019.	Quantitative	Questionnaire	Descriptive/Correlational
*González-Pérez et al.* (2020)**GONZÁLEZ-PÉREZ, Susana; MATEOS DE CABO, Ruth; SÁINZ, Milagros. Young women in STEM: Is it a female role-model thing? Frontiers in Psychology, Lausana, v. 11, Art. 2204, sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02204 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...	Quantitative	Questionnaire	Correlational
Hopp et al. (2020HOPP, Manuel D. S.; STOEGER, Heidrun; ZIEGLER, Albert. The supporting role of mentees’ peers in online mentoring: A longitudinal social network analysis of peer influence. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 11, Art. 1929, aug. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01929 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01929... )	Quantitative	Questionnaires/Content	Descriptive
*Ikonen et al. (2019*IKONEN, Kirsi et al. Finnish ninth graders’ gender appropriateness of occupations. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, London, v. 15, n. 12, Art. em1811, aug. 2019. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/111995 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29333... )	Quantitative/Qualitative	Survey/Interview	Descriptive/Inductive
*Isaacson et al. (2020*ISAACSON, Sivan et al. She space: A multi-disciplinary, project-based learning program for high school young women. Acta Astronautica, Amsterdam, v. 168, p. 155-163, dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Quantitative/Qualitative	Survey/Observation	Descriptive
Ito & McPherson (2018ITO, Tiffany A.; MCPHERSON, Erin. Factors influencing high school students’ interest in pSTEM. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 9, Art. 1535, aug. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01535 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	Quantitative	Survey	Correlational
Liu (2020LIU, Ran. Do family privileges bring gender equality? instrumentalism and (De) stereotyping of STEM career aspiration among chinese adolescents. Social Forces, Oxford, v. 99, n. 1, p. 230-254, sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz137 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/... )	Quantitative	Survey	Descriptive/Correlational
*Makarova et al. (2019*MAKAROVA, Elena; AESCHLIMANN, Belinda; HERZOG, Walter. The gender gap in STEM fields: The impact of the gender stereotype of math and science on secondary students’ career aspirations. Frontiers in Education, Lausana, v. 4, Art. 60, jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	Quantitative	Survey	Descriptive/Inferential
*Master et al. (2017*MASTER, Allison et al. Programming experience promotes higher STEM motivation among first-grade young women. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 160, p. 92-106, aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.013 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Quantitative	Content	Descriptive/Correlational
*McGuire et al. (2020)*MCGUIRE, Luke; JEFFERYS, Emma; RUTLAND, Adam. Children’s evaluations of deviant peers in the context of science and technology: the role of gender group norms and status. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , Amsterdam, v. 195, Art. 104845, jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104845 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...	Quantitative	Survey	Correlational
*Muenks et al. (2020*MUENKS, Katherine et al. Parents’ beliefs about high school students’ spatial abilities: gender differences and associations with parent Encouragement to pursue a STEM career and students’ STEM career intentions. Sex Roles , New York, v. 82, p. 570-583, jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01072-6 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )	Quantitative	Survey/Test	Descriptive/Correlational
*Selimbegović et al.* (2019**SELIMBEGOVIĆ, Leila et al. The independent contributions of gender stereotypes and gender identification in predicting primary school pupils’ expectancies of success in STEM fields. Psychology in the Schools, Hoboken, p. 1-19, jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22296 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/... )	Quantitative	Questionnaire	Descriptive/Correlational
*Sinclair et al. (2019*SINCLAIR, Samantha; NILSSON, Artur; CEDERSKÄR, Elmedina. Explaining gender-typed educational choice in adolescence: the role of social identity, self-concept, goals, grades, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior , Amsterdam, v. 110, p. 54-71, feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.11.007 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Quantitative	Questionnaires/Content	Correlational
Starr & Simpkin (2021STARR, Christine R.; SIMPKINS, Sandra D. High school students’ math and science gender stereotypes: relations with their STEM outcomes and socializers’ stereotypes. Social Psychology of Education, Dordrecht, v. 24, p. 273-298, feb. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09611-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )	Quantitative	Surveys	Descriptive/Correlational
*Steegh et al. (2020*STEEGH, Anneke et al. First steps toward gender equity in the chemistry olympiad: understanding the role of implicit gender-science stereotypes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Hoboken, p. 1-29, jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21645 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/... )	Quantitative	Test/Survey	Descriptive/Correlational
*Steegh et al. (2021*STEEGH, Anneke et al. Exploring science competition participants’ expectancy-value perceptions and identification: A latent profile analysis. Learning and Instruction, Amsterdam, v. 74, Art. 101455, aug. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101455 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )	Quantitative	Test/Survey	Descriptive/Correlational
Tolbert (2020TOLBERT, DeLean. Young women can do STEAM too-investigating the influence of a STEAM career awareness workshop on Tanzanian and Zimbabwean secondary school young women’ perception of careers in STEAM. Global Journal of Engineering Education, Melbourne, v. 22, n. 2, p. 76-84, 2020.)	Quantitative/Qualitative	Survey/Observation	Descriptive
*Wille et al. (2018*WILLE, Eike et al. Gender stereotypes in a children’s television program: Effects on young women’ and young men’ stereotype endorsement, math performance, motivational dispositions, and attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology , Lausana, v. 9, Art. 2435, dec. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02435 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/... )	Quantitative	Questionnaire/Test	Descriptive/Correlational

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