Barreiras à implementação da logística reversa de resíduos sólidos orgânicos na Amazônia: um estudo em cidade da região metropolitana de Belém, Pará

Teixeira, Vitória Eduarda Gomes; Cruz, Walter Shalon Cardoso; Fernandes, Reimison Moreira; Nunes, Denilson Ricardo de Lucena; Martins, Vitor Willian Batista; Nagata, Verônica de Menezes Nascimento

Vitória Eduarda Gomes Teixeira

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

Walter Shalon Cardoso Cruz

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

Reimison Moreira Fernandes ^* * Corresponding author: reimisonmoreiraf@gmail.com

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7526-0438

Denilson Ricardo de Lucena Nunes

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-6444

Vitor Willian Batista Martins

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-8630

Verônica de Menezes Nascimento Nagata

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade do Estado do Pará – Castanhal (PA), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-2314

* Corresponding author: reimisonmoreiraf@gmail.com

Conflicts of interest:

the authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Barriers	References
B1—Heterogeneous composition (mixture) of waste that hinders reuse/recovery	(*Cerda et al., 2018CERDA, Alejandra; ARTOLA, Adriana; FONT, Xavier; BARRENA, Raquel; GEA, Teresa; SÁNCHEZ, Antoni. Composting of food wastes: Status and challenges. Bioresource Technology, v. 248, part A, p. 57-67, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.... ; Gonçalves et al., 2018GONÇALVES, Andriani Tavares Tenorio; MORAES, Fávia Tuane Ferreira; MARQUES, Guilherme Lima; LIMA, Josiane Pereira; LIMA, Renato da Silva. Urban solid waste challenges in the BRICS countries: a systematic literature review. Ambiente e Água, v. 13, n. 2, p. 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2157 https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2157... ; Behrooznia; Sharifi; Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, 2020BEHROOZNIA, Leyla; SHARIFI, Mohammad; HOSSEINZADEH-BANDBAFHA, Homa. Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of two scenarios for managing an organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Rasht-Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 268, 122217, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.1... ; Xiao et al., 2020XIAO, Shijiang; DONG, Huijuan; GENG, Yong; FRANCISCO, Medel-Jimenez; PAN, Hengyu; WU, Fei. An overview of the municipal solid waste management modes and innovations in Shanghai, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 27, n. 24, p. 29943-29953, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09398-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09398... ; Dell’Orto; Trois, 2022*DELL’ORTO, Andrea; TROIS, Cristina. Considerations on bio-hydrogen production from organic waste in South African municipalities: A review. South African Journal of Science, v. 118, spe. i., 2022. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/12652 https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/12652... )
B2—Difficulty in separating waste to obtain good quality reuse mass	(*Lohri et al., 2017LOHRI, Christian Riuji; DIENER, Stefan; ZABALETA, Imanol; MERTENAT, Adeline; ZURBRÜGG, Christian. Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, v. 16, n. 1, p. 81-130, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9422-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9422-... ; Wei et al., 2017WEI, Yunmei; LI, Jingyuan; SHI, Dezhi; LIU, Guotao; ZHAO, Youcai; SHIMAOKA, Takauki. Environmental challenges impeding the composting of biodegradable municipal solid waste: A critical review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 122, p. 51-65, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017... ; Pour; Webley; Cook, 2018POUR, Nasim; WEBLEY, Paul A.; COOK, Peter J. Potential for using municipal solid waste as a resource for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 68, p. 1-15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.... ; Perteghella et al., 2020PERTEGHELLA, Andrea; GILIOLI, Gianni; TUDOR, Terry; VACCARI, Mentore. Utilizing an integrated assessment scheme for sustainable waste management in low and middle-income countries: Case studies from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Mozambique. Waste Management, v. 113, p. 176-185, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05... ; Xiao et al., 2020XIAO, Shijiang; DONG, Huijuan; GENG, Yong; FRANCISCO, Medel-Jimenez; PAN, Hengyu; WU, Fei. An overview of the municipal solid waste management modes and innovations in Shanghai, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 27, n. 24, p. 29943-29953, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09398-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09398... ; Daskal et al., 2022*DASKAL, Shira; ASI, Omar; SABBAH, Isam; AYALON, Ofira; BARANSI-KARKABY, Katie. Decentralized Composting Analysis Model—Benefit/Cost Decision-Making Methodology. Sustainability, v. 14, n. 24, p. 16397, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416397 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416397... )
B3—Aversion to the recovery of organic waste	(*Pan et al., 2015PAN, Shu-Yuan; DU, Michael Alex; HUANG, I-Te; LIU, I-Hung; CHANG, E.-E.; CHIANG, Pen-Chi. Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 108, part A, p. 409-421, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.0... ; Pour; Webley; Cook, 2018POUR, Nasim; WEBLEY, Paul A.; COOK, Peter J. Potential for using municipal solid waste as a resource for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 68, p. 1-15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.... ; Naz et al., 2020NAZ, Tahira; NAZIR, Yusuf; FAZILI, Abu Bakr Ahmad; MUSTAFA, Kiren; BAI, Xueyuan; SONG, Yuanda. Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Sustainable Biofuels: Major Challenges and Bioprocessing Technologies. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 16, n. 4, p. 602-621, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2020.602.621 https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2020.602.... ; Daskal et al., 2022DASKAL, Shira; ASI, Omar; SABBAH, Isam; AYALON, Ofira; BARANSI-KARKABY, Katie. Decentralized Composting Analysis Model—Benefit/Cost Decision-Making Methodology. Sustainability, v. 14, n. 24, p. 16397, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416397 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416397... ; Carmen-Niño et al., 2023*CARMEN-NIÑO, Viridiana del; HERRERA-NAVARRETE, Ricardo; JUÁREZ-LÓPEZ, Ana Laura; SAMPEDRO-ROSAS, Maria Laura; REYES-UMAÑA, Maximino. Municipal Solid Waste Collection: Challenges, Strategies and Perspectives in the Optimization of a Municipal Route in a Southern Mexican Town. Sustainability, v. 15, n. 2, p. 1083, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021083 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021083... )
B4—Social acceptance for the recovery of organic waste	(*Pan et al., 2015PAN, Shu-Yuan; DU, Michael Alex; HUANG, I-Te; LIU, I-Hung; CHANG, E.-E.; CHIANG, Pen-Chi. Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 108, part A, p. 409-421, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.0... ; Uddin et al., 2021*UDDIN, Md Nassir; SIDDIKI, Sk. Yasir A.; MOFIJUR, M.; DJAVANROODI, F.; HAZRAT, M. A.; SHOW, Pau Loke; AHMED, S. F.; CHU, Yu-Ming. Prospects of Bioenergy Production From Organic Waste Using Anaerobic Digestion Technology: A Mini Review. Frontiers in Energy Research, v. 9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.627093 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.62709... )
B5—Understanding of biological processes for waste recovery	(*Lohri et al., 2017LOHRI, Christian Riuji; DIENER, Stefan; ZABALETA, Imanol; MERTENAT, Adeline; ZURBRÜGG, Christian. Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, v. 16, n. 1, p. 81-130, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9422-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9422-... ; Naz et al., 2020*NAZ, Tahira; NAZIR, Yusuf; FAZILI, Abu Bakr Ahmad; MUSTAFA, Kiren; BAI, Xueyuan; SONG, Yuanda. Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Sustainable Biofuels: Major Challenges and Bioprocessing Technologies. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 16, n. 4, p. 602-621, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2020.602.621 https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2020.602.... )
B6—Limited technical knowledge of waste identification and separation	(*Laner et al., 2015LANER, David; RECHBERGER, Helmut; DE SOETE, Wouter; DE MEESTER, Steven; ASTRUP, Thomas F. Resource recovery from residual household waste: An application of exergy flow analysis and exergetic life cycle assessment. Waste Management, v. 46, p. 653-667, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09... ; Pan et al., 2015PAN, Shu-Yuan; DU, Michael Alex; HUANG, I-Te; LIU, I-Hung; CHANG, E.-E.; CHIANG, Pen-Chi. Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 108, part A, p. 409-421, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.0... ; Shen et al., 2015SHEN, Yanwen; LINVILLE, Jessica L.; URGUN-DEMIRTAS, Meltem; MINTZ, Marianne M.; SNYDER, Seth W. An overview of biogas production and utilization at full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the United States: Challenges and opportunities towards energy-neutral WWTPs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 50, p. 346-362, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.1... ; Gonçalves et al., 2018GONÇALVES, Andriani Tavares Tenorio; MORAES, Fávia Tuane Ferreira; MARQUES, Guilherme Lima; LIMA, Josiane Pereira; LIMA, Renato da Silva. Urban solid waste challenges in the BRICS countries: a systematic literature review. Ambiente e Água, v. 13, n. 2, p. 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2157 https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2157... ; Kazuva; Zhang, 2019KAZUVA, Emmanuel; ZHANG, Jiquan. Analyzing Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Scenarios in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 16, n. 11, p. 2035, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035... ; Lunag et al., 2021LUNAG, Marcelino; ELAURIA, Jessie; BURGUILLOS, Juanito. Community-based bin design approach: an initial stage toward urban composting at a hill station, Philippines. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 23, n. 3, p. 3832-3852, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00746-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00746... ; Carmen-Niño et al., 2023*CARMEN-NIÑO, Viridiana del; HERRERA-NAVARRETE, Ricardo; JUÁREZ-LÓPEZ, Ana Laura; SAMPEDRO-ROSAS, Maria Laura; REYES-UMAÑA, Maximino. Municipal Solid Waste Collection: Challenges, Strategies and Perspectives in the Optimization of a Municipal Route in a Southern Mexican Town. Sustainability, v. 15, n. 2, p. 1083, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021083 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021083... )
B7—Lack of measures to incentivize waste recovery by stakeholders	(Siqueira; Assad, 2015SIQUEIRA, Thais Menina Oliveira de; ASSAD, Maria Leonor Ribeiro Casimiro Lopes. Composting of municipal solid waste in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Ambiente & Sociedade, v. 18, n. 4, p. 243-264, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC1243V1842015 https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC124... ; Hettiarachchi; Meegoda; Ryu, 2018HETTIARACHCHI, Hiroshan; MEEGODA, Jay; RYU, Sohyeon. Organic Waste Buyback as a Viable Method to Enhance Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 15, n. 11, p. 2483, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112483 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112483... ; Kazuva; Zhang, 2019KAZUVA, Emmanuel; ZHANG, Jiquan. Analyzing Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Scenarios in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 16, n. 11, p. 2035, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035... ; Behrooznia; Sharifi; Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, 2020BEHROOZNIA, Leyla; SHARIFI, Mohammad; HOSSEINZADEH-BANDBAFHA, Homa. Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of two scenarios for managing an organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Rasht-Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 268, 122217, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.1... ; Khamkeo, 2021KHAMKEO, T. Community based solid waste management at Beung Kiat Ngong Ramsar Site in Laos PDR. Dissertation (Mastering) – Maejo University, Maejo, 2021.)

Affirmatives	Above 10 years old	Between 5 and 10 years old	Up to 5 years old
AF01	4.625	3.282	3.688
AF02	7.313	2.538	3.785
AF03	6.563	3.795	3.925
AF04	6.313	3.564	4.871
AF05	6.688	6.231	6.086
AF06	8.438	7.641	7.194
AF07	8.188	7.795	6.871
AF08	5.313	8.026	7.409
AF09	4.688	7.641	7.086

Affirmatives	rij +10 years	rij between 5 and 10 years	rij up to5 years
AF01	0.23	0.18	0.21
AF02	0.37	0.14	0.22
AF03	0.33	0.21	0.22
AF04	0.32	0.20	0.28
AF05	0.34	0.35	0.35
AF06	0.43	0.42	0.41
AF07	0.41	0.43	0.39
AF08	0.27	0.45	0.42
AF09	0.24	0.42	0.40

Affirmatives	rij +10 years *0.50	rij between 5 and 10 years *0.30	rij up to5 years *0.20
AF01	0.12	0.05	0.04
AF02	0.18	0.04	0.04
AF03	0.17	0.06	0.04
AF04	0.16	0.06	0.06
AF05	0.17	0.10	0.07
AF06	0.21	0.13	0.08
AF07	0.21	0.13	0.08
AF08	0.13	0.13	0.08
AF09	0.12	0.13	0.08

Solution criteria	Over 10 years	Between 5 and 10 years	Up to 5 years
Ideal solution A+	0.213	0.134	0.084
Negative solution A+	0.117	0.042	0.042

Affirmatives	Positive ideal distance calculation (Si+)	Negative ideal distance calculation (Si–)	Coefficients (Ci)
AF01	0.13	0.01	0.08593
AF02	0.10	0.07	0.39488
AF03	0.09	0.05	0.36276
AF04	0.10	0.05	0.33262
AF05	0.06	0.09	0.60536
AF06	0.01	0.13	0.95153
AF07	0.01	0.13	0.93155
AF08	0.08	0.10	0.56382
AF09	0.10	0.09	0.49524

Position	Ci	Affirmatives		Barriers
1st	0.952	AF06	I have a good level of acceptance regarding the idea of recovering organic waste.	B03	Aversion to organic waste recovery
2nd	0.932	AF07	I am willing to separate organic waste for recovery.	B03	Aversion to organic waste recovery
3rd	0.605	AF05	I am interested in using organic waste to produce compost through composting.	B04	Social acceptance for organic waste recovery
4th	0.564	AF08	I know the biological processes that occur in the recovery of organic waste for compost production through composting.	B05	Understanding of biological processes for waste recovery
5th	0.495	AF09	Some incentives make it possible to separate, collect, transport, and perform other necessary processes to recover organic waste.	B07	Lack of measures to incentivize waste recovery by stakeholders
6th	0.395	AF02	Sometimes it can be complicated to separate the waste that can be turned into compost from the rest of the waste.	B01	Heterogeneous composition (mixture) of wastes that hinder reuse/recovery
7th	0.363	AF03	Sometimes it can be difficult to reuse the waste that can be turned into compost.	B04	Social acceptance for organic waste recovery
8th	0.333	AF04	It is necessary to have the technical knowledge to turn organic waste into compost through composting.	B06	Limited technical knowledge of waste identification and separation
9th	0.086	AF01	I separate the waste that can be turned into compost from the rest of the garbage.	B02	Difficulty in separating waste to obtain good quality reuse mass

D = [\begin{matrix} x_{11} & x_{12} & \dots & x_{1 n} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \dots & x_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ x_{m 1} & x_{m 2} & \dots & x_{m n} \end{matrix}]

V = [\begin{matrix} v_{11} & v_{12} & \dots & v_{1 n} \\ v_{21} & v_{22} & \dots & v_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ v_{m 1} & v_{m 2} & \dots & v_{m n} \end{matrix}]

R = [\begin{matrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & \dots & r_{1 n} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & \dots & r_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ r_{m 1} & r_{m 2} & \dots & r_{m n} \end{matrix}]

[1] * Corresponding author: reimisonmoreiraf@gmail.com

Matrix 1	$D = [\begin{matrix} x_{11} & x_{12} & \dots & x_{1 n} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \dots & x_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ x_{m 1} & x_{m 2} & \dots & x_{m n} \end{matrix}]$	Matrix 3	$V = [\begin{matrix} v_{11} & v_{12} & \dots & v_{1 n} \\ v_{21} & v_{22} & \dots & v_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ v_{m 1} & v_{m 2} & \dots & v_{m n} \end{matrix}]$
Equation 1	$r_{i j} = x_{i j} / \sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i j}^{2}}$	Equation 3	$s_{i}^{} = {[\sum_{j} {(v_{i j}^{} - v_{j}^{+})}^{2}]}^{1 / 2}$
Matrix 2	$R = [\begin{matrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & \dots & r_{1 n} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & \dots & r_{2 n} \\ \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots \\ r_{m 1} & r_{m 2} & \dots & r_{m n} \end{matrix}]$	Equation 4	$s_{i}^{'} = {[\sum_{j} {(v_{i j}^{'} - v_{j}^{-})}^{2}]}^{1 / 2}$
Equation 2	$v_{i j} = w_{j} r_{i j}$	Equation 5	$c_{i}^{} = \frac{s_{i}^{'}}{(s_{i}^{} + {s^{'}}_{i})}$

Brasil

Brasil

Barreiras à implementação da logística reversa de resíduos sólidos orgânicos na Amazônia: um estudo em cidade da região metropolitana de Belém, Pará

RESUMO