A review of approaches to atrazine treatment employing advanced oxidation processes technologies

Dantas, Ádila de Oliveira Sampaio; Rocha, Amanda Carmelo da; Cardoso, Vicelma Luiz; Vieira, Patrícia Angélica

doi:10.1590/S1413-415220230021

Ádila de Oliveira Sampaio Dantas

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Validation

Visualization

Writing – Original Draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Engenharia Química – São Paulo (SP), Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8838-3119

Amanda Carmelo da Rocha ^* * Corresponding author: amanda.rocha@ufu.br

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal de Uberlandia – Uberlândia (MG), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4960-824X

Vicelma Luiz Cardoso

Funding acquisition

Project administration

Resources

Validation

Visualization

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal de Uberlandia – Uberlândia (MG), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-6988

Patrícia Angélica Vieira

Project administration

Resources

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal de Uberlandia – Uberlândia (MG), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-7500

* Corresponding author: amanda.rocha@ufu.br

Conflicts of interest:

the authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Atrazine (ATZ)
Molecular structure^a Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).
Formula^a Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	C₈H₁₄N₅Cl
IUPAC name^b Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine
Molecular weight^c Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	215.685 g mol⁻¹
Melting point^a Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	171–174 °C
Solubility^a Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010). in water at 20–25 °C	33 mg L⁻¹
pKa^a Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	1.68
Log K_ow^c Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	2.61
Dipole moment^c Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	4.6 D
Polluted biotopes^d Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	Fields, Water networks
Geo-localization^d Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	Watersheds
Persistence^d Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	15–100 days
Plant uptake^d Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	High
Phytotoxicity^d Source: Adapted from aLee (2003), bZhu et al. (2016), cChandra and Usha (2020), and dPascal-Lober and Laurent (2010).	High

AOP	Reactions	Light energy required
Photolysis	$H_{2} O + h v \to HO * + H *$
Ozonation Photo-ozonation	$O_{3} + OM \to O_{2} + oxidized OM$ $O_{3} + h v \to O_{2} + O (^{1} D)$ $O (^{1} D) + H_{2} O \to 2 HO *$	λ < 310 nm
Photoperoxidation	$H_{2} O_{2} + h v \to 2 HO *$	λ < 280 nm
Fenton Photo-Fenton	${Fe}^{2 +} + H_{2} O_{2} \to {Fe}^{3 +} + {HO}^{-} + HO $ ${Fe}^{3 +} + H_{2} O_{2} \leftrightarrow H^{+} + {FeOOH}^{2 +}$ ${FeOOH}^{2 +} \to {Fe}^{2 +} + {HO}_{2}^{}$ ${Fe}^{2 +} + H_{2} O_{2} \to {Fe}^{3 +} + {HO}^{-} + HO $ $Fe {(OH)}^{2 +} + h v \to {Fe}^{2 +} + HO $	λ < 580 nm
Photocatalysis	${TiO}_{2} + h v \to {TiO}_{2} (e_{CB}^{-}) + {TiO}_{2} (h_{VB}^{+})$ ${TiO}_{2} (e_{CB}^{-}) + {OH}^{-} \to {TiO}_{2} + HO *$	λ < 280 nm
Electro-Fenton	$OM + H_{2} O \to OM (HO ) + H^{+} + e^{-}$ $MO (HO ) + R \to MO + {CO}_{2} + H_{2} O + H^{+} + e^{-}$ $2 H_{2} O + 2 e^{-} \to H_{2} + 2 {OH}^{-}$

Treatment technology	Source	Catalyst/Adsorbent	Influent (μg L⁻¹)	Removal (%)	References
UV-Solar+Cl	Simulated drinking W	-	0.5	75	*Cheng et al. (2019)*CHENG, Shuangshuang; ZHANG, Xinran; SONG, Weihua; PAN, Yanheng; LAMBROPOULOU, Dimitra; ZHONG, Yu; DU, Ye; NIE, Jianxin; YANG, Xin. Photochemical oxidation of PPCPs using a combination of solar irradiation and free available chlorine. Science of the Total Environment, v. 682, p. 629-638, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019...
UV-Solar+HomoCat	River W modified	Fe³⁺-Montmorillonite	1077.5	100	*Hong et al.* (2019)**HONG, Ran; ZHANG, Lin; ZHU, Wei; GU, Cheng. Photo-transformation of atrazine in aqueous solution in the presence of Fe3+-montmorillonite clay and humic substances. Science of the Total Environment, v. 652, p. 224-233, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018...
UV-Solar+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂/SiO₂-Graphene	10,000	93.3	*Li et al.* (2013)**LI, Kexin; CHEN, Tong; YAN, Liushui; DAI, Yuhua; HUANG, Zhimin; XIONG, Jingjing; SONG, Dongyang; LV, Ying; ZENG, Zhenxing. Design of graphene and silica co-doped titania composites with ordered mesostructure and their simulated sunlight photocatalytic performance towards atrazine degradation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 422, p. 90-99, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013....
UV-Vis+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂/N/P	2500	94	*Sacco et al.* (2015)**SACCO, Olga; VAIANO, Vincenzo; HAN, Changseok; SANNINO, Diana; DIONYSIOU, D. Dionysiou. Photocatalytic removal of atrazine using N-doped TiO2 supported on phosphors. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, v. 164, p. 462-474, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.062 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09...
UV-Vis+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	ZnO-Chitosan	2,50,000	80.29	Atarodi and Faghihian (2019)ATARODI, Homa; FAGHIHIAN, Hossein. Selective photodegradation of atrazine by a novel molecularly imprinted nanophotocatalyst prepared on the basis of chitosan. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, v. 382, 111892, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111892 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.201...
UV-Vis+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂/B	60,000	94	Yola, Eren, and Atar (2014)YOLA, Mehmet Lütfi; EREN, Tanju; ATAR, Necip. A novel efficient photocatalyst based on TiO2 nanoparticles involved boron enrichment waste for photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 250, p. 288-294, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.11...
UV+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂/Au	25,000	60	*Santacruz-Chávez et al.* (2015)**SANTACRUZ-CHÁVEZ, Jorge A.; OROS-RUIZ, Socorro; PRADO, Blanca; ZANELLA, Rodolfo. Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine using TiO2 superficially modified with metallic nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 3, n. 4, p. 3055-3061, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.0...
UV+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂-Polyimide	2156.8	30	*Ramasundaram et al.* (2017)**RAMASUNDARAM, Subramaniyan; SEID, Mingizem Gashaw; LEE, Wonseop; KIM, Chan UI; KIM, Eun-Ju; HONG, Seok Won; CHOI, Kyoung Jin. Preparation, characterization, and application of TiO2-patterned polyimide film as a photocatalyst for oxidation of organic contaminants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 340, p. 300-308, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.0...
CF+NF+UV+HeteCat	Synthetic/Real Agro WW	TiO₂/N/W	100	99	*Komtchou et al.* (2020)**KOMTCHOU, Simon; DELEGAN, Nazar; DIRANY, Ahmad; DROGUI, Patrick; ROBERT, Didier; KHAKANI, My Ali El. Photo-electrocatalytic oxidation of atrazine using sputtured deposited TiO2: WN photoanodes under UV/visible light. Catalysis Today, v. 340, p. 323-333, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04.067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04...
MW+UV+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	TiO₂	20,000	98.5	*Zhanqi et al.* (2007)**ZHANQI, Gao; SHAOGUI, Yang; NA, Ta; CHENG, Sun. Microwave assisted rapid and complete degradation of atrazine using TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst suspensions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 145, n. 3, p. 424-430, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.1...
MW+UV+H₂O₂	Synthetic WW	-	20,800	100	*Chen et al.* (2011)**CHEN, Huilun; BRAMANTI, Emilia; LONGO, Iginio; ONOR, Massimo; FERRARI, Carlo. Oxidative decomposition of atrazine in water in the presence of hydrogen peroxide using an innovative microwave photochemical reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 186, n. 2-3, p. 1808-1815, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.065 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.1...
O₃+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	Polonite^®	100	99	Kolosov and Yargeau (2019)KOLOSOV, Petr; YARGEAU, Viviane. Impact of catalyst load, chemical oxygen demand and nitrite on disinfection and removal of contaminants during catalytic ozonation of wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, v. 651, p. 2139-2147, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018...
O₃+HeteCat	Synthetic WW	Rutile TiO₂	2156.8	100	*Yixin et al.* (2014)**YIXIN, Yang; HONGBIN, Cao; PAI, Peng; HONGMIAO, Bo. Degradation and transformation of atrazine under catalyzed ozonation process with TiO2 as catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 279, p. 444-451, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.0...
O₃+AD	Synthetic WW	AC	2800	90	*Rozas et al.* (2017)**ROZAS, Oscar; BAEZA, Carolina; NÚÑEZ, Katherine; ROSSNER, Alfred; URRUTIA, Roberto; MANSILLA, Héctor D. Organic micropollutants (OMPs) oxidation by ozone: effect of activated carbon on toxicity abatement. Science Of The Total Environment, v. 590-591, p. 430-439, jul. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016...
O₃+AD	Ultrapure/Natural W	AC	1	75	*Restivo et al.* (2013)**RESTIVO, João; ÓRFÃO, José J. M.; PEREIRA, Manuel F. R.; GARCIA-BORDEJÉ, Enrique; ROCHE, Pascal; BOURDIN, Delphine; HOUSSAIS, Béatrice; COSTE, Marielle; DERROUICHE, Salim. Catalytic ozonation of organic micropollutants using carbon nanofibers supported on monoliths. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 230, p. 115-123, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.064 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.06...
UV+O₃	Synthetic WW	-	21,568	65	*Bianchi et al.* (2006)**BIANCHI, Claudia L.; PIROLA, Carlo; RAGAINI, Vittorio; SELLI, Elena. Mechanism and efficiency of atrazine degradation under combined oxidation processes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, v. 64, n. 1-2, p. 131-138, abr. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.11.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.11...
NF+O₃+AD	Real WW	BAC	0.001	70	*Ahmed et al.* (2017)**AHMED, Mohammad Boshir; ZHOU, John L.; NGO, Huu Hao; GUO, Wenshan; THOMAIDIS, Nikolaos S.; XU, Jiang. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 323, p. 274-298, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.0...
NF+O₃+H₂O₂	River W	-	720	98	Saquib, Vinckier, and van der Bruggen (2010)SAQUIB, Mohd; VINCKIER, Christiaan.; VAN DER BRUGGEN, Bart. The effect of UF on the efficiency of O3/H2O2 for the removal of organics from surface water. Desalination, v. 260, n. 1-3, p. 39-42, 2010.

Treatment technology	Advantages	Challenges	References
Photolysis	High efficiency with UV-C light	Alone is frequently not adequate to degrade pollutants, so it is used in combination with other technologies	*Jatoi et al. (2021)*JATOI, Abdul Sattar; HASHMI, Zubair; ADRIYANI, Retno; YUNIARTO, Adhi; MAZARI, Shaukat Ali; AKHTER, Faheem; MUBARAK, Nabisab Mujawar. Recent trends and future challenges of pesticide removal techniques – A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 9, n. 4, 105571, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105571 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.1055...
Ozonation	High efficiency in the presence of H₂O₂; Disinfection and sterilization	High energy consumption; Formation of toxic by-products; Interference of radical scavengers	*Ahmed et al.* (2017)AHMED, Mohammad Boshir; ZHOU, John L.; NGO, Huu Hao; GUO, Wenshan; THOMAIDIS, Nikolaos S.; XU, Jiang. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 323, p. 274-298, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.0... ; Jatoi et al. (2021)**JATOI, Abdul Sattar; HASHMI, Zubair; ADRIYANI, Retno; YUNIARTO, Adhi; MAZARI, Shaukat Ali; AKHTER, Faheem; MUBARAK, Nabisab Mujawar. Recent trends and future challenges of pesticide removal techniques – A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 9, n. 4, 105571, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105571 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.1055...
Photoperoxidation	High efficiency with UV-C light	Excess peroxide causes a decrease in the rate of degradation; Formation of toxic by-products	Ferreira, Maniero, and Guimarães (2015)FERREIRA, Gabriela F.; MANIERO, Milena G.; GUIMARÃES, José R. Degradation of sucralose by peroxidation assisted with ultraviolet radiation and photo-Fenton. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, v. 7, n. 5, p. 438-444, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.833 https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.833...
Fenton and photo-Fenton	Degradation and mineralization; Degrades within short duration; Sunlight can be used by avoiding UV light	Decrease of OH^• forming chloro and sulfato-Fe(III) complexes or due to scavenge of OH^• forming Cl₂ • and SO₄ ^•− in the presence of chloride and sulfate ions; pH values are low in application; Massive sludge is generated during the reaction	*Ahmed et al.* (2017)AHMED, Mohammad Boshir; ZHOU, John L.; NGO, Huu Hao; GUO, Wenshan; THOMAIDIS, Nikolaos S.; XU, Jiang. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 323, p. 274-298, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.0... ; Jatoi et al. (2021)JATOI, Abdul Sattar; HASHMI, Zubair; ADRIYANI, Retno; YUNIARTO, Adhi; MAZARI, Shaukat Ali; AKHTER, Faheem; MUBARAK, Nabisab Mujawar. Recent trends and future challenges of pesticide removal techniques – A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 9, n. 4, 105571, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105571 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.1055... ; Dhangar and Kumar (2020)DHANGAR, Kiran; KUMAR, Manish. Tricks and tracks in removal of emerging contaminants from the wastewater through hybrid treatment systems: a review. Science of the Total Environment, v. 738, 140320, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140320 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020... ; He et al. (2019)**HE, Huijun; LIU, Yongpan; YOU, Shaohong; LIU, Jie; XIAO, He; TU, Zhihong. A review on recent treatment technology for herbicide atrazine in contaminated environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 16, n. 24, p. 5129, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245129 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245129...
Heterogeneous photocatalysis	Sunlight can be used by avoiding UV light; High reaction rates upon using catalysts with low price, chemical stability, and easier recovery	Difficult to treat large volume of wastewater; Cost associated with artificial UV lamps and electricity; Separation and reuse of photocatalytic particles from slurry suspension; Some materials only possess photocatalytic properties under specific illumination	*Ahmed et al.* (2017)AHMED, Mohammad Boshir; ZHOU, John L.; NGO, Huu Hao; GUO, Wenshan; THOMAIDIS, Nikolaos S.; XU, Jiang. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 323, p. 274-298, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.0... ; Ahmed et al. (2021)AHMED, Shoaib; KHAN, Fahad Saleem Ahmed; MUBARAK, Nabisab Mujawar; KHALID, Mohammad; TAN, Yie Hua; MAZARI, Shaukat Ali; KARRI, Rama Rao; ABDULLAH, Ezzat Chan. Emerging pollutants and their removal using visible-light responsive photocatalysis – A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 9, n. 6, 106643, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106643 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.1066... ; He et al. (2019)**HE, Huijun; LIU, Yongpan; YOU, Shaohong; LIU, Jie; XIAO, He; TU, Zhihong. A review on recent treatment technology for herbicide atrazine in contaminated environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 16, n. 24, p. 5129, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245129 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245129...
Eletro-Fenton	Situ generation of the Fenton’s reagents; Degradation and mineralization; Degrades within short duration	High energy consumption	*Cao et al.* (2020)**CAO, Peike; QUAN, Xie; ZHAO, Kun; CHEN, Shuo; YU, Hongtao; NIU, Junfeng. Selective electrochemical H2O2 generation and activation on a bifunctional catalyst for heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 382, 121102, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.1...

[1] * Corresponding author: amanda.rocha@ufu.br

Brasil

Brasil

A review of approaches to atrazine treatment employing advanced oxidation processes technologies

Uma revisão das abordagens de tratamento da atrazina empregando tecnologias de processos oxidativos avançados

ABSTRACT