Masculinity performed by transgender men: qualitative evidence and metasynthesis

BOFFI, Leticia Carolina; GUIJARRO-RODRIGUES, Elaine Campos; SANTOS, Manoel Antônio dos

doi:10.1590/1982-0275202239e200221

Leticia Carolina BOFFI

conception and design of the research

analysis and interpretation of data

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-8963

Elaine Campos GUIJARRO-RODRIGUES

research design

analysis and interpretation of data

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-7007

Manoel Antônio dos SANTOS Correspondence to: M.A. SANTOS. E-mail: masantos@ffclrp.usp.br.

conception and design of the research

analysis and interpretation of data

obtaining financial support

reviewing and approving the final version of the article

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-7767

Contributors

L. C. BOFFI was responsible for the conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of data. E. C. GUIJARRO-RODRIGUES was responsible for the research design, analysis and interpretation of data. M. A. SANTOS was responsible for the conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of data, obtaining financial support, and reviewing and approving the final version of the article.

Correspondence to: M.A. SANTOS. E-mail: masantos@ffclrp.usp.br.

Sample (S)	“Transgender Persons/classification”[Mesh] OR “Transgender Persons/history”[Mesh] OR “Transgender Persons/psychology”[Mesh] OR “Transgender Persons/statistics and numerical data”[Mesh] OR “Person, Transgender” OR “Persons, Transgender” OR “Transgender Person” OR “Transgenders” OR “Transgender” OR “Transgendered Persons” OR “Person, Transgendered” OR “Persons, Transgendered” OR “Transgendered Person” OR “Two-Spirit Persons” OR “Person, Two-Spirit” OR “Persons, Two-Spirit” OR “Two Spirit Persons” OR “Two-Spirit Person” OR “Transsexual Persons” OR “Person, Transsexual” OR “Persons, Transsexual” OR “Transsexual Person” OR “Transexuals” OR “Transexual” OR “Transmasculine” OR “Sexual and Gender Minorities/classification”[Mesh] OR “Sexual and Gender Minorities/education”[Mesh] OR “Sexual and Gender Minorities/history”[Mesh] OR “Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology”[Mesh] OR “Sexual and Gender Minorities/statistics and numerical data”[Mesh] OR “Dissident, Sexual” OR “Dissidents, Sexual” OR “Sexual Dissident” OR “Sexual Minorities” OR “Minorities, Sexual” OR “Minority, Sexual” OR “Sexual Minority” OR “Gender Minorities” OR “Gender Minority” OR “Minorities, Gender” OR “Minority, Gender” OR “Intersex Persons/statistics and numerical data”[Mesh] OR “Intersex Person” OR “Person, Intersex” OR “Persons, Intersex” OR “Transsexualism/classification”[Mesh] OR “Transsexualism/ethnology”[Mesh] OR “Transsexualism/etiology”[Mesh] OR “Transsexualism/history”[Mesh] OR “Transsexualism/psychology”[Mesh] OR “Transsexualism/statistics and numerical data”[Mesh] OR “Transgenderism”
Phenomenon of Interest ( Pi)	“Masculinity/history”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/analysis”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/classification”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/ethics”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/ethnology”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/etiology”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/history”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/psychology”[Mesh] OR “Social Behavior/statistics and numerical data”[Mesh] OR “Behavior, Social” OR “Behaviors, Social” OR “Social Behaviors” OR “Social Identification”[Mesh] OR “Social Identity” OR “Identities, Social” OR “Identity, Social” OR “Social Identities” OR “Identification, Social” OR “Identifications, Social” OR “Social Identifications” OR “Group Identification” OR “Group Identifications” OR “Identification, Group” OR “Identifications, Group” OR “Social Stigma”[Mesh] OR “Social Stigmas” OR “Stigmas, Social” OR “Stigma, Social” OR “Stereotyping”[Mesh] OR “Stigmatization” OR “Gender Identity/history”[Mesh] OR “Gender Identity/psychology”[Mesh] OR “Gender Identities” OR “Identity, Gender” OR “Sex Role” OR “Role, Sex” OR “Roles, Sex” OR “Sex Roles” OR “Gender Role” OR “Gender Roles” OR “Roles, Gender” OR “Gender” OR “Men’s Role” OR “Role, Men’s” OR “Roles, Men’s” OR “Man’s Role” OR “Role, Man’s”
Design (D)	“Focus Groups”[Mesh] OR “Focus Group” OR “Group, Focus” OR “Anthropology, Medical”[Mesh] OR “Medical Anthropology” OR “Grounded Theory”[Mesh] OR “Theory, Grounded” OR Culture OR “Thematic synthesis” OR “Hermeneutics”[Mesh] OR Hermeneutic OR Ethnographic OR “ethnographic research” OR Phenomenology OR “phenomenological research” OR Narrative OR “Interviews as Topic”[Mesh] OR Interviewers OR Interviewer OR Interviewees OR “Group Interviews” OR “Group Interview” OR “Interview, Group” OR “Interviews, Group” OR “in-depth interview” OR “qualitative interview” OR “content analysis” OR “semantic analysis”
Evaluation (E)	“Experience” OR “Experiences” OR “Sense” OR “Senses” OR “Meaning” OR “Meanings” OR “Life Change Events”[Mesh] OR “Event, Life Change” OR “Events, Life Change” OR “Life Change Event” OR “Life Experiences” OR “Experience, Life” OR “Experiences, Life” OR “Life Experience” OR “perspective” OR “perspectives” OR “Subjectivities”
Research Type (R)	“Qualitative Research”[Mesh] OR “Research, Qualitative” OR “Qualitative studies” OR “Qualitative” OR “Empirical Research”[Mesh] OR “Research, Empirical”

Questions (CASP)	Reference Article
Questions (CASP)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
1. Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
2. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
3. Was there a search design appropriate to address the aims of the research?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
4.. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?
5....Were the data collected in a way that addressed the research issue?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?
6.. Has the relationship between researcher and participants been adequately considered?	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	⬛	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	?
7. Have ethical issues been taken into consideration?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
8. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous?	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	?
9. Is there a clear statement of findings?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
10. How valuable is the research?	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Note: Yes ✓; No ⬛; Can’t Tell ?. CASP: Critical Appraisal Skills Program. References: 1: Klein et al. (2019)Klein, A., Paule-Koba, A. L., & Krane, V. (2019). The journey of transitioning: being a trans male athlete in college sport. Sport Management Review, 22(5), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.00... ; 2: Martin and Coolhart (2019)Martin, T. K., & Coolhart, D. (2019). “Because your dysphoria gets in the way of you… it affects everything”: the mental, physical, and relational aspects of navigating body dysphoria and sex for trans masculine people. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 37(1), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.1696459
https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.16... ; 3: Klein et al. (2018)Klein, A., Krane, V., & Paule-Koba, A. L. (2018). Bodily changes and performance effects in a transitioning transgender college athlete. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 555-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1466721
https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.14... ; 4: Sousa and Iriart (2018)Sousa, D., & Iriart, J. (2018). “Viver dignamente”: necessidades e demandas de saúde de homens trans em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 34, e00036318. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00036318
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003631... ; 5: Tree-McGrath et al. (2018)Tree-McGrath, C. A. F., Puckett, J. A., Reisner, S. L., & Pantalone, D. W. (2018). Sexuality and gender affirmation in transgender men who have sex with cisgender men. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1463584
https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.14... ; 6: González-González et al. (2018)González-González, D., Mahtani-Chugani, V., Báez-Quintana, D., & Fernández-Sanchez-Barbudo, M. (2018). La transexualidad y el proceso de reasignación sexual desde la perspectiva de los varones transexuales: un enfoque cualitativo. Revista Internacional de Andrología, 16(2), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2017.02.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2017.02... ; 7: Hoffkling et al. (2017)Hoffkling, A., Obedin-Maliver, J., & Sevelius, J. (2017). From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(2), 332-352. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1491-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1491-... ; 8: Johnson et al. (2020)Johnson, M., Wakefield, C., & Garthe, K. (2020). Qualitative socioecological factors of cervical cancer screening use among transgender men. Preventive Medicine Reports, 17, e101052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101052
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101... ; 9: Peitzmeier et al. (2017)Peitzmeier, S. M., Agénor, M., Bernstein, I. M., McDowell, M., Alizaga, N. M., Reisner, S. L., Pardee, D. J., & Potter, J. (2017). “It can promote an existential crisis”: Factors influencing Pap test acceptability and utilization among transmasculine individuals. Qualitative Health Research, 27(14), 2138-2149. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323177255
https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323177255... ; 10: Armuand et al. (2017)Armuand, G., Dhejne, C., Olofsson, J. I., & Rodriguez-Wallberg, K. A. (2017). Transgender men’s experiences of fertility preservation: a qualitative study. Human Reproduction, 32(2), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew323
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew323... ; 11: Azul (2016)Azul, D. (2016). Gender-related aspects of transmasculine people’s vocal situations: Insights from a qualitative content analysis of interview transcripts. Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51(6), 672-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12239
https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12239... ; 12: Brown et al. (2016)Brown, C., Maragos, A., Lee, R., Davidson, B., & Dashjian, L. T. (2016). Female to male transsexuals: giving voice to their experience. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10(1), 16-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1138098
https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.11... ; 13: MacDonald et al. (2016)MacDonald, T., Noel-Weiss, J., West, D., Walks, M., Biener, M., Kibbe, A., & Myler, E. (2016). Transmasculine individuals’ experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0907-... ; 14: Ramos-Pibernus et al. (2016)Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Padilla, M., Varas-Díaz, N., & Vargas Molina, R. (2016). Intersections and evolution of ‘Butch-trans’ categories in Puerto Rico: needs and barriers of an invisible population. Global Public Health, 11(7-8), 966-980. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1180703
https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.11... ; 15: Safavifar et al. (2016)Safavifar, F., Eftekhar, M., Alavi, K., Negarandeh, R., Jalali, A. H., & Eftekhar, M. (2016). Religious experiences of Iranian transgenders: a qualitative study. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 30, 385-393. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972060/pdf/mjiri-30-385.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... ; 16: Budge et al. (2015)Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., & Thai, J. L. (2015). Trans men’s positive emotions: the interaction of gender identity and emotion labels. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(3), 404-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014565715
https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014565715... ; 17: Williams et al. (2013)Williams, C. J., Weinberg, M. S., & Rosenberger, J. G. (2013). Trans men: embodiments, identities, and sexualities. Sociological Forum, 28(4), 719-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12056
https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12056... ; 18: Bento (2012)Bento, B. (2012). Sexualidade e experiências trans: do hospital à alcova. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 17(10), 2655-2664. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2012.v17n10/2655-2664/pt
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2012.v1... .

Source: Critical Appraisal Skills Program (2018)Critical Appraisal Skills Program (2018). CASP (insert name of checklist i.e. Qualitative) Checklist. CASP UK. https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf
https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2... .

Author, year and country	Objective	Research design, data collection and analysis	Participants / Age	Main Results
Klein et al. (2019)Klein, A., Paule-Koba, A. L., & Krane, V. (2019). The journey of transitioning: being a trans male athlete in college sport. Sport Management Review, 22(5), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.00... United States	Explore the social, hormonal and athletic experiences of a trans-athlete during his gender transition	Case study; Formal and informal interviews; Narrative and transfeminism approach	n = 1; 20 years	Hormone administration can influence the mental and emotional state of the trans athlete. Providing social support and having financial resources during the transition are critical
Martin & Coolhart (2019)Martin, T. K., & Coolhart, D. (2019). “Because your dysphoria gets in the way of you… it affects everything”: the mental, physical, and relational aspects of navigating body dysphoria and sex for trans masculine people. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 37(1), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.1696459 https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.16... United States	Understand how trans-male people of different sexual identities experience their sexual experiences, despite their bodily dysphoria	Qualitative research; Semi structured interview; Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)	n = 10; 39.7 years average	Gender identity affirmation of sexual partners can contribute to more satisfying sexual experiences
Klein et al. (2018)Klein, A., Krane, V., & Paule-Koba, A. L. (2018). Bodily changes and performance effects in a transitioning transgender college athlete. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 555-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1466721 https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.14... United States	To investigate what physical changes occur during the first year of testosterone therapy in a trans athlete and how the hormone affects their athletic performance	Case study; Video diary; Narrative and transfeminism approach	n = 1; 20 years	The physical changes observed with the regular use of testosterone were facial enhancement, hair, body fat redistribution, emotional or mood disturbances, physical training and effects on sport performance
Sousa & Iriart (2018)Sousa, D., & Iriart, J. (2018). “Viver dignamente”: necessidades e demandas de saúde de homens trans em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 34, e00036318. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00036318 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003631... Brazil	Discuss the health needs and demands of trans men	Qualitative research; Participant observation and semi-structured interviews; interpretive anthropology	n = 10; 20 to 43 years	Health demands are related to de-pathologizing, body modification and outpatient care
Tree-McGrath et al. (2018)Tree-McGrath, C. A. F., Puckett, J. A., Reisner, S. L., & Pantalone, D. W. (2018). Sexuality and gender affirmation in transgender men who have sex with cisgender men. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1463584 https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.14... United States	Investigate positive and negative aspects of sexuality and sexual development for trans MSM in relation to their gender affirmation	Qualitative research; Semi structured interview; Grounded Theory data analysis	n = 16; age group not informed	Affirmation of gender provided greater confidence and openness to explore sexual interests
González-González et al. (2018)González-González, D., Mahtani-Chugani, V., Báez-Quintana, D., & Fernández-Sanchez-Barbudo, M. (2018). La transexualidad y el proceso de reasignación sexual desde la perspectiva de los varones transexuales: un enfoque cualitativo. Revista Internacional de Andrología, 16(2), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2017.02.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2017.02... Spain	Understanding the experience of undergoing surgical procedures for sex reassignment	Qualitative research; Semi-structured interview and reflective diary; unspecified analysis	n = 7; 21 to 47 years	Factors influencing body modification: need to accept one’s own body, relationship with family, social environment and partner, organization of services and economic aspects
Hoffkling et al. (2017)Hoffkling, A., Obedin-Maliver, J., & Sevelius, J. (2017). From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(2), 332-352. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1491-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1491-... United States	Identifying the needs of transgender men that emerge in the family planning process and during the postpartum period	Semi structured interview; Grounded Theory data analysis	n = 10; age group not informed	Participants prioritized transition versus reproduction. Physicians’ guidance was essential to foster safety
Johnson et al. (2020)Johnson, M., Wakefield, C., & Garthe, K. (2020). Qualitative socioecological factors of cervical cancer screening use among transgender men. Preventive Medicine Reports, 17, e101052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101052 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101... United States	Identify the determinants of performing routine tests to detect cervical cancer in transgender men	Exploratory research; Semi structured interview; Deductive-Inductive Approach	n = 20; 33-year average	Main factors identified health professionals and organizations. Previous negative experiences, issues of gender identity and socioeconomic status were reported
Peitzmeier et al. (2017)Peitzmeier, S. M., Agénor, M., Bernstein, I. M., McDowell, M., Alizaga, N. M., Reisner, S. L., Pardee, D. J., & Potter, J. (2017). “It can promote an existential crisis”: Factors influencing Pap test acceptability and utilization among transmasculine individuals. Qualitative Health Research, 27(14), 2138-2149. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323177255 https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323177255... United States	Examine the factors influencing Pap smear testing among trans-male individuals	Qualitative research; In-depth interview; Grounded Theory data analysis	n = 32; 21 to 64 years	Main factors identified identity negotiation, doctor and health plan. The degree of distress triggered by the exam ranged from “routine” atraumatic
Armuand et al. (2017)Armuand, G., Dhejne, C., Olofsson, J. I., & Rodriguez-Wallberg, K. A. (2017). Transgender men’s experiences of fertility preservation: a qualitative study. Human Reproduction, 32(2), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew323 https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew323... Sweden	Evaluate how trans men experience Fertility Preservation (FP), aiming at the cryopreservation of oocytes in a pilot program, developed within a university hospital program	Qualitative research; field interviews and notes; Thematic content analysis	n = 15; 19 to 35 years	Importance of professionals’ manifestation of sensitivity during the performance of FP procedures, medical knowledge, use of neutral language and the proper pronoun
Azul (2016)Azul, D. (2016). Gender-related aspects of transmasculine people’s vocal situations: Insights from a qualitative content analysis of interview transcripts. Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51(6), 672-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12239 https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12239... Australia	Explore aspects related to the trans-male gender and vocal situation of these individuals	Social constructionist; Semi-structured interviews; Deductive-Inductive Approaches	n = 14; 29.6-year average	It is a heterogeneous population with regard to aspects related to gender and their vocal situations
Brown et al. (2016)Brown, C., Maragos, A., Lee, R., Davidson, B., & Dashjian, L. T. (2016). Female to male transsexuals: giving voice to their experience. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10(1), 16-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1138098 https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.11... United States	To broaden the understanding of the experiences lived by adult trans men (FTM), with the aim of informing clinical practice and research	Qualitative research; Semi structured interview; Consensual Qualitative Survey (CQR)	n = 11; 22 to 40 years	Participants credit their satisfaction with post-transition life to their positive self-identity and the way men express their concerns about acquired privilege and claim to be attracted to women
MacDonald et al. (2016)MacDonald, T., Noel-Weiss, J., West, D., Walks, M., Biener, M., Kibbe, A., & Myler, E. (2016). Transmasculine individuals’ experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0907-... Canada	Establish a body of knowledge about trans male individuals and their lactation and breastfeeding experiences	Qualitative research; Semi-structured interviews; interpretive description	n = 22; 24 to 50 years	Most participants chose to breastfeed, while some could not due to their physical or mental health. Healthcare professionals need to be knowledgeable about lactation and breast care after masculinizing mammoplasty and binder use before pregnancy, during pregnancy, postpartum and after
Ramos-Pibernus et al. (2016)Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Padilla, M., Varas-Díaz, N., & Vargas Molina, R. (2016). Intersections and evolution of ‘Butch-trans’ categories in Puerto Rico: needs and barriers of an invisible population. Global Public Health, 11(7-8), 966-980. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1180703 https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.11... Puerto Rico	Document identity constructions of trans men and buchas^ª ª Analyzed only the narratives of transgender men.	Exploratory research; Ethnographic observations, focus groups, and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews; critical discourse analysis	n = not informed; age group not informed	Two domains addressed by health policies and initiatives are emphasized: (1) body representations and gender performance, and (2) meanings of female biological processes
Safavifar et al. (2016)Safavifar, F., Eftekhar, M., Alavi, K., Negarandeh, R., Jalali, A. H., & Eftekhar, M. (2016). Religious experiences of Iranian transgenders: a qualitative study. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 30, 385-393. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972060/pdf/mjiri-30-385.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... Iran	Understanding aspects of the religious experience of trans men after undergoing sex reassignment surgery	Qualitative research; In-depth interviews; Qualitative content analysis	n = 7; 22 to 29 years	The confluence of aspects of religious experience with spirituality comprised the central experiences of the participants. This is closely related to concepts such as secularism, stigma and technocracy
Budge et al. (2015)Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., & Thai, J. L. (2015). Trans men’s positive emotions: the interaction of gender identity and emotion labels. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(3), 404-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014565715 https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014565715... United States	Examine how gender socialization can affect trans men’s positive experiences and emotions	Qualitative research; Semi-structured interviews; Grounded Theory data analysis	n = 11; 20 to 49 years	Gender-specific experiences refer to a sense of brotherhood, enthusiasm related to taking testosterone, authentic pride in identifying as a man, and happiness related to others using the correct gender language
Williams et al. (2013)Williams, C. J., Weinberg, M. S., & Rosenberger, J. G. (2013). Trans men: embodiments, identities, and sexualities. Sociological Forum, 28(4), 719-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12056 https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12056... United States	Investigate the ways in which a group of people who have moved away from a given gender identity may come to experience another gender identity and how this is incorporated into sexuality	Qualitative research; Semi-structured interviews; inductive coding	n = 25; 20 to 65 years	The results show the link between gender and sexuality because of the bodywork that trans men do and the history and geographical situations in which they find themselves
Bento (2012)Bento, B. (2012). Sexualidade e experiências trans: do hospital à alcova. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 17(10), 2655-2664. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2012.v17n10/2655-2664/pt https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2012.v1... Brazil	Pointing out how a given concept of gender can make multiple expressions of gender visible and present narratives of trans men and trans women^ª ª Analyzed only the narratives of transgender men. about their sexual experiences	Ethnography; In-depth open interviews; Foucaultian Discourse Analysis	n = 3; group age not informed	Trans experiences reveal the traces of truths constructed for gender, for sexualities and subjectivities. There is no typical sexual identity for trans people

[1] Contributors

L. C. BOFFI was responsible for the conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of data. E. C. GUIJARRO-RODRIGUES was responsible for the research design, analysis and interpretation of data. M. A. SANTOS was responsible for the conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of data, obtaining financial support, and reviewing and approving the final version of the article.

Brasil

Brasil

Masculinity performed by transgender men: qualitative evidence and metasynthesis

Experiência da masculinidade performada por homens transgêneros: evidências qualitativas e metassíntese

Abstract