Grieving process of families who lost their loved ones by COVID-19: an integrative review

Alves, Maria Clara Matos Coelho; Cunha, Gizelle Mendes Borges; Gallego, Patrícia Barberá

doi:10.1590/1982-0275202441e220066

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Brasil

Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)

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Brasil

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Sumário

THEORETICAL ARTICLE | Health Psychology • Estud. psicol. 41 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202441e220066 copy

Grieving process of families who lost their loved ones by COVID-19: an integrative review

Processo de luto das famílias que perderam seus entes pela COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

This research aimed to identify, through an integrative literature review, the scientific production on the grieving process of those who lost loved ones due to the Coronavirus infection.

Method

For this purpose, methodologically, 124 articles were extracted from the BVS-Pepsic, SciELO, Lilacs, and MedLine databases in October 2021. From these, 22 articles were selected to compose the sample, which included empirical and review articles, theoretical studies, and experimental reports that specifically addressed the grief of family members over the age of 18 bereaved by COVID-19.

Results

As results, it was possible to observe the existence of particularities in the process of hospitalization and death due to the Coronavirus Disease, which can have an impact on the grieving process and generate mental health problems for the bereaved.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded that the forecast of pandemic-related grief urgently requires effective strategies to identify, prevent, and treat functional impairments resulting from complications in the grieving process.

Keywords
Bereavement; Coronavirus; Family; Review

No.	Articles	Author (Year)	Journal	Language	Country	Database	Research Design
1	Approaching grief and death in family members of patients with COVID-19: Narrative review	Araújo Hernández et al. (2021)Araujo Hernández, S., García Navarro, S., & García-Navarro, E. B. (2021). Approaching grief and death in family members of patients with COVID-19: Narrative review. Enfermagem Clínica, 31(1), 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05...	Enfermería Clínica	Spanish	Spain	MedLine	Literature Review
2	The psychic demand of farewell rituals in the face of death in the COVID-19 (Sars - CoV - 2) ICU	Soares and Rodrigues (2020)Soares, J. B. S., & Rodrigues, P. M. (2020). A exigência psíquica dos rituais de despedida diante da morte em uma UTI da Covid-19 (Sars-CoV-2). Revista aSEPHallus de Orientação Lacaniana, 15(29), 103-117.	Revista aSEPHallus de Orientação Lacaniana	Portuguese	Brazil	Lilacs	Experience Report
3	A Phone-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Supporting Bereaved Families in the Time of COVID-19	Borghi et al. (2021)Borghi, L., Menichetti, J., Vegni, E., & The Early Bereavement Psychological Intervention Working Group. (2021). A Phone-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Supporting Bereaved Families in the Time of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.625691 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.62569...	Frontiers in Public Health	English	Italy	MedLine	Empirical Research
4	Psychological Risk Factors of Functional Impairment After COVID-19 Deaths	Breen et al. (2021)Breen, L. J., Lee, S. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2021). Psychological risk factors of functional impairment after COVID-19 deaths. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 61(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.20...	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management	English	United States	MedLine	Empirical Research
5	The effect of suppressing funeral rituals during the COVID-19 pandemic on bereaved families	Cardoso et al. (2020)Cardoso, É. A., Silva, B. C. A., Santos, J. H., Lotério, L. S., Accoroni, A. G., & Santos, M. A. T. (2020). The effect of suppressing funeral rituals during the COVID-19 pandemic on bereaved families. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 28. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3361 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3...	Revista latino-Americana de Enfermagem	English	Brazil	SciELO	Theoretical Study
6	The Experiences of Family Members of Ventilated COVID-19 Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Study	Chen et al. (2021)Chen, C., Wittenberg, E., Sullivan, S.S., Lorenz, R. A., & Chang, Y. P. (2021). The experiences of family members of ventilated COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit: A qualitative study. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 38(7), 869-876. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3361 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3...	American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine	English	United States	MedLine	Empirical Research
7	Terminality, death, and grief in the COVID-19 pandemic: emerging psychological demands and practical implications	Crepaldi et al. (2020)Crepaldi, M. A., Schmidt, B., Noal, D. D., Bolze, S. D. A., & Gabarra, L. M. (2020). Terminalidade, morte e luto na pandemia COVID-19: demandas psicológicas emergentes e implicações práticas. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37, e200090. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200090 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e...	Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)	Portuguese	Brazil	SciELO	Literature Review
8	Grief in the times of COVID-19: Challenges to mental health care during the pandemics	Dantas et al. (2020)Dantas, C. R., Azevedo, R. C. S., Vieira, L. C., Côrtes, M. T. F. Federmann, A. L. P., Cucco, L. M., Rodrigues, L. R., Domingues, J. F. R., Dantas, J. E., Portella, I. P., & Cassorla, R. M. S. (2020). O luto nos tempos da COVID-19: desafios do cuidado durante a pandemia. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental, 23(3), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-4714.2020v23n3p509.5 https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-4714.2020v2...	Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental	Portuguese	Brazil	SciELO	Experience Report
9	Impact and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on complicated grief and persistent complex bereavement disorder	Diolaiuti et al. (2021)Diolaiuti, F., Marazziti, D., Beatino, M. F., Mucci, F., & Pozza, A. (2021). Impact and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on complicated grief and persistent complex bereavement disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113916 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021....	Journal of Psychiatric Research	English	Italy	MedLine	Theoretical Study
10	Funeral rites in the COVID-19 pandemic and grief: possible reverberations	Giamattey et al. (2021)Giamattey, M. E. P., Frutuoso, J. T., Bellaguarda, M. L. R., & Luna, I. J. (2021). Rituais fúnebres na pandemia de COVID-19 e luto: possíveis reverberações. Escola Anna Nery, 26. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2021-0208 https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-20...	Escola Anna Nery Revista de Enfermagem	Portuguese	Brazil	SciELO	Theoretical Study
11	Lived Experiences of Family Members of Patients With Severe COVID-19 Who Died in Intensive Care Units in France	Kentish-Barnes et al. (2021)Kentish-Barnes, N., Cohen-Solal, Z., Morin L., Souppart, V., Pochard, F., & Azoulay, E. (2021). Lived experiences of family members of patients with severe covid-19 who died in intensive care units in France. JAMA Network Open, 4. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13355 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen....	JAMA Network Open	English	France	MedLine	Theoretical Study
12	Prolonged grief related to COVID-19 deaths: Do we have to fear a steep rise in traumatic and disenfranchised griefs?	Kokou-Kpolou et al. (2020)Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Fernández-Alcántara, M., & Cénat, J. M. (2020). Prolonged grief related to COVID-19 deaths: Do we have to fear a steep rise in traumatic and disenfranchised griefs? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, S1, 94-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000798 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000798... .	Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy	English	United States	MedLine	Theoretical Study
13	Social and health implications that affect people bereaved by the death of family members by covid-19	Magalhães et al. (2020)Magalhães, J. R., Soares, C. F., Peixoto, T. M., Estrela, F. M., Oliveira, A. C. B., Silva, A. F., & Gomes, N. P. (2020). Implicações sociais e de saúde que acometem pessoas enlutadas pela morte de familiares por covid-19. Revista Baiana de Enfermagem, 34. https://dx.doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.37007 https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.37007...	Revista Baiana de Enfermagem	Portuguese	Brazil	Lilacs	Literature Review
14	Phone follow up to families of COVID-19 patients who died at the hospital: families' grief reactions and clinical psychologists' roles	Menichetti Delor et al. (2021)Menichetti Delor, J. P., Borghi, L., Cao Di San Marco, E., Fossati, I., & Vegni, E. (2021). Phone follow up to families of COVID-19 patients who died at the hospital: families 'grief reactions and clinical psychologists' roles. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12742 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12742...	International Journal of Psychology	English	Italy	MedLine	Empirical Research
15	The mental health crises of the families of COVID-19 victims: a qualitative study	Mohammadi et al. (2021)Mohammadi, F., Oshvandi, K., Shamsaei, F., Cheraghi, F., Khodaveisi, M., & Bijani, M. (2021). The mental health crises of the families of COVID-19 victims: a qualitative study. BMC Primary Care, 22(94). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01442-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01442...	BMC Primary Care	English	Iran	MedLine	Empirical Research
16	"That goodbye, can't give": murder and suffering in COVID-19 times	Oliveira et al. (2020)Oliveira, E. N., Ximenes Neto, F. R. G., Moreira, R. M. M., Lima, G. F., Santos F. D., Freire, M. A., Viana L. S., & Campos, M. P. (2020). Aquele adeus, não pude dar": luto e sofrimento em tempos de COVID-19 "Aquele adeus, não pude dar": luto e sofrimento em tempos de COVID-19. Enfermagem em Foco, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2020.v11.n2.ESP.4203 https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2020....	Enfermagem em Foco	Portuguese	Brazil	Lilacs	Theoretical Study
17	Grief and Nonviolence in a pandemic: precarity, mental health and other ways of living	Rente and Merhy (2020)Rente, M. A., & Merhy, E. E. (2020). Luto e não-violência em tempos de pandemia: precariedade, saúde mental e modos outros de viver. Psicologia & Sociedade, 32. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2020v32240329 https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2020v3...	Psicologia & Sociedade	Portuguese	Brazil	SciELO	Theoretical Study
18	Bereavement Support on the Frontline of COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospital Clinicians.	Selman t al. (2020)Selman, L. E., Chao, D., Sowden, R., Marshall, S., Chamberlain, C., & Koffman, J. (2020). Bereavement Support on the Frontline of COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospital Clinicians. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(2), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.20...	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management	English	United Kingdom	MedLine	Theoretical Study
19	'It's like being in a war with an invisible enemy': A document analysis of bereavement due to COVID-19 in UK newspapers.	Sowden et al. (2021)Sowden, R., Borgstrom, E., & Selman, L. E. (2021). 'It's like being in a war with an invisible enemy': A document analysis of bereavement due to COVID-19 in UK newspapers. Plos One, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247904 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...	PLoS One	English	United Kingdom	MedLine	Theoretical Study
20	Bereavement in Times of COVID-19: A Review and Theoretical Framework.	Stroebe and Schut (2021)Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2021). Bereavement in Times of COVID-19: A review and theoretical framework. Omega, 82(3), 500-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820966928 https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820966928...	OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying	English	Netherlands	MedLine	Theoretical Study
21	Correlates of Mental Health After COVID-19 Bereavement in Mainland China	Tang et al. (2021)Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Global Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669...	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management	English	China	MedLine	Empirical Research
22	Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults.	Tang and Xiang (2021)Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Global Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669...	Global Health And Development	English	China	MedLine	Empirical Research

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Editora Splendet, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campus I, Rua Prof. Dr. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, Telefone: (55 19) 3343-7223. - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: psychologicalstudies@puc-campinas.edu.br

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[1] Correspondence to: G. M. B. CUNHA. E-mail: gizelle@ufu.com.