Níveis de gravidade da punição física de crianças/adolescentes: análise de clusters

AZEVEDO, Roberta Noronha; BAZON, Marina Rezende

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Sumário

PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT • Estud. psicol. 38 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202138e190088 copiar

Níveis de gravidade da punição física de crianças/adolescentes: análise de clusters

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

A punição física – castigos corporais – de crianças/adolescentes é altamente prevalente. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se em uma amostra de pais/cuidadores existiriam subgrupos que se diferenciariam quanto ao comportamento de punir/castigar fisicamente os filhos. As modalidades analisadas foram de frequência com que a punição ocorria, de partes do corpo da criança que se punia e de presença de sentimento de irritação/raiva durante o castigo físico, denotando níveis de gravidade associados a diferenças em variáveis psicossociais apontadas como fatores de risco para os abusos físicos. Adotou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, com delineamento transversal e método de clusterização. Participaram 87 pais/cuidadores adeptos a práticas de punição física. As análises indicaram a existência de três agrupamentos que se diferenciaram no tocante à gravidade da punição corporal e em algumas das variáveis psicossociais, denotando a importância de os serviços/programas voltados ao enfrentamento da violência contra as crianças/adolescentes considerarem estratégias de intervenção psicossocial distintas e específicas a cada grupo.

Palavras-chave
Maus-tratos infantis; Relações familiares; Punição; Serviços sociais

Modality of punishment	Scores
Kneeling	1
Pulling hair	1
Pulling the ear	1
Pinching	1
Tying up	2
Spanking	2
Slapping	3
Giving “croques” (hitting the head with knuckles)	4
Shaking	5
Pushing	5
Throwing objects	6
Lashing	7
Punching	7
Beating	7
Strangling	8
Banging the head against the wall	8

Variables	Cluster 1 (n = 12)			Cluster 2 (n = 44)			Cluster 3 (n = 31)			H	p
Variables	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	H	p
Age	31.6	9.6	33.7	38.8	12.2	49.0	33.7	8.5	40.9	4.22	0.12
Age 1^st child	19.9	3.7	44.0	20.7	6.3	43.4	20.3	4.7	43.5	0.02	1.00
No of children	2.7	1.0	43.6	3.2	3.0	42.4	3.3	3.3	45.0	0.20	0.91
Years of schooling	7.4	2.9	49.6	6.6	3.7	43.3	6.4	2.5	42.9	0.69	0.71
Modality of punishment	-0.5^a	0.7	29.5	-0.5^a	0.6	31.9	0.9^b	0.9	66.7	39.3	0.00^ Statistically significant at the level of 0.01. In the lines, the means with the same letters are not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.
Body regions	-0.3^a	0.7	37.3	-0.4^a	0.6	34.6	0.7^b	1.1	59.9	19.7	0.00^ Statistically significant at the level of 0.01. In the lines, the means with the same letters are not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.
Frequency of punishment	-0.2^b	1.0	38.1	-0.7^a	0.5	28.2	1.0^c	0.6	68.7	53.0	0.00^ Statistically significant at the level of 0.01. In the lines, the means with the same letters are not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.
Feeling anger	-2.3^a	0.0	7.5	0.4^b	0.0	51.0	0.3^b	0.7	48.2	72.3	0.00^ Statistically significant at the level of 0.01. In the lines, the means with the same letters are not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.

Scales and subscales	Cluster 1 (n = 12)			Cluster 2 (n = 44)			Cluster 3 (n = 31)			H	p
Scales and subscales	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	H	p
Abuse	202.0^a	106.7	34.4	226.2^a	106.0	39.9	281.7^b	95.2	53.5	7.25	0.03^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05;
Distress	107.8	67.8	34.5	127.9	72.6	40.7	162.6	71.7	52.4	5.89	0.05
Rigidity	33.1^a	17.5	36.5	4.2^a	14.0	36.8	45.6^b	13.8	57.1	13.06	0.00^ Statistically significant at the level of 0.01. In the lines, the means with the same letters were not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.
Unhappiness	27.0	21.3	41.1	26.1	16.6	41.3	30.1	15.0	48.9	1.83	0.40
Problems oneself / child	4.0	6.5	36.0	5.3	6.5	44.4	5.4	6.1	46.6	1.61	0.45
Family problems	14.7	16.2	38.9	17.4	13.9	43.8	19.3	14.0	46.2	0.74	0.69
Problems with others	15.5	7.8	41.2	1 4.7	7.7	38.9	18.7	7.0	52.4	5.54	0.06
Ego strength	21.6^b	8.8	53.7	19.3^b	10.2	48.5	13.6^a	9.6	33.8	8.20	0.02^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05;
Loneliness	8.2	4.5	38.3	8.5	4.4	40.1	10.5	4.3	51.8	4.67	0.10

Scales	Cluster 1 (n = 12)			Cluster 2 (n = 44)			Cluster 3 (n = 31)			H	p
Scales	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	H	p
Cohesion	27.4^b	6.5	54.0	26.8 b	5.3	47.7	23.2^a	7.3	34.9	6.95	0.03^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05. In the lines, the means with the same letters were not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.
Flexibility	23.1	5.3	47.8	23.4	5.1	48.9	20.3	5.8	35.5	5.44	0.07
Disengaged	17.0	6.6	37.9	17.2	6.0	39.9	19.8	6.5	52.1	5.10	0.08
Enmeshed	20.1	4.9	49.7	19.3	5.0	45.6	18.1	5.1	39.5	1.79	0.41
Rigid	17.9	5.7	36.8	18.5	3.5	43.9	19.3	4.3	47.0	1.42	0.49
Chaotic	15.9	5.6	36.7	17.9	5.3	43.3	19.1	6.2	47.8	1.75	0.42
Communication	34.3	10.3	50.6	33.3	8.1	48.3	29.2	7.4	35.3	5.82	0.05
Satisfaction	29.4^b	9.1	46.6	28.9 b	7.4	50.0	24.5^a	7.3	34.4	7.14	0.03^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05. In the lines, the means with the same letters were not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05), in which: a < b < c.

Network and Social Support		Cluster 1 (n = 12)			Cluster 2 (n = 44)			Cluster 3 (n = 31)			H	p
Network and Social Support		M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	M	DP	Mean Rank	H	p
Network
	Parents	1.4	1.7	44.0	1.6	1.8	46.9	1.0	0.9	39.9	1.50	0.47
	Friends	1.6	1.7	47.3	1.4	1.5	45.6	1.1	1.2	40.5	1.08	0.58
Activities
	Sports	0.1	0.3	44.6	0.0	0.2	43.0	0.1	0.3	45.2	0.78	0.68
	Association	0.0	0.0	43.5	0.0	0.2	44.5	0.0	0.0	43.5	0.98	0.61
	Voluntary	0.1^b	0.3	47.1	0.0^a	0.0	43.5	0.0^a	0.0	43.5	6.25	0.04^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05. In the lines, the means with the same letters were not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05). in which: a < b < c.
Social Support
	Material	17.7^b	3.3	54.3	16.5^b	3.9	47.7	14.2^a	4,9	34.8	7.47	0.02^* * Statistically significant at the level of 0.05. In the lines, the means with the same letters were not different among them by the Tukey post-test (p < 0.05). in which: a < b < c.
	Emotional	10.3	3.7	40.8	11.4	3.7	46.7	10.7	4.3	41.4	1.02	0.60
	Informational	11.3	3.6	39.7	12.1	3.2	47.0	11.5	3.7	41.4	1.35	0.51
	Affective	10.9	4.2	49.4	11.0	3.2	47.4	9.8	3.0	37.1	3.75	0.15
	Social I. Positive	10.7	4.6	42.7	12.0	4.5	47.6	10.4	4.0	39.4	2.00	0.37
Total Score		60.9	14.6	44.3	63.3	14.5	48.4	56.5	16.8	37.7	3.24	0.20

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Núcleo de Editoração SBI - Campus II, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n. Prédio de Odontologia, 13060-900 Campinas - São Paulo Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 19 3343-7223 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: psychologicalstudies@puc-campinas.edu.br

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[1] Correspondence to: M.R. BAZON. E-mails: <mbazon@ffclrp.usp.br>,<rn_azevedo@yahoo.com.br>.