Integrative review of the Brazilian literature on batterers

Revisão integrativa da literatura brasileira sobre agressores conjugais

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to investigate approaches, strategies, and relevant variables researched in the Brazilian context regarding spousal aggressors, as well as the therapeutic practices used and their impacts.

Method

A total of 31 studies were retrieved from the Lilacs database (n = 25), SciELO database (n = 5), and PePsic (n = 1). After excluding duplicates and studies not related to batterers, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis.

Results

These articles were analyzed and grouped according to their themes, resulting in five categories: cognitive-behavioral therapy groups; reflective groups on gender stereotypes; cultural determinants; jealousy, anxiety, and alcohol consumption; and parenting practices.

Conclusion

The review observed theoretical divergences and a dispersion of knowledge on the topic across different areas, which can hinder the planning and standardization of interventions for intimate partner aggressors. Additionally, there is a scarcity of research on the topic within the Brazilian context, which may contribute to the current dispersion of knowledge.

Keywords
Domestic violence; Intimate partner violence; Violence against women

Resumo

Objetivo

Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar abordagens, estratégias e variáveis relevantes pesquisadas no contexto brasileiro sobre agressores conjugais, bem como práticas terapêuticas utilizadas e seus impactos.

Método

Um total de 31 estudos foram recuperados da base de dados Lilacs (n = 25), da base de dados SciELO (n = 5) e do PePsic (n = 1). Após a exclusão de duplicatas e de estudos não relacionados a agressores, 9 estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na análise.

Resultados

Estes artigos foram analisados e agrupados de acordo com suas temáticas, resultando em cinco categorias: grupos terapêuticos de enfoque cognitivo-comportamental; grupos reflexivos sobre estereótipos de gênero; determinantes culturais; ciúme, ansiedade e consumo de álcool; e práticas parentais.

Conclusão

Foram observadas divergências teóricas e dispersão do conhecimento sobre o tema em diferentes áreas, o que pode dificultar o planejamento e a padronização das intervenções para agressores de parceiros íntimos. Além disso, também observou-se escassez de pesquisas sobre o tema no contexto brasileiro, o que pode contribuir para a atual dispersão do conhecimento.

Palavras-chave
Violência doméstica; Violência por parceiro íntimo; Violência contra as mulheres

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a behavior perpetrated during a relationship or after its termination, where the aggressor may inflict physical harm (through blows, punches, slaps, or other forceful actions), sexual harm (forcing the partner toward sexual acts, inappropriate touching, sharing videos without consent − revenge porn), psychological harm (using verbal or non-verbal communication to cause emotional damage or control), or present stalking behaviors (repeated unwanted advances causing safety concerns), that vary in severity and intensity (Breiding et al., 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 27% of women worldwide experience violence from intimate partners (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). In 2017 alone, 4,936 women were murdered in Brazil, with 1,407 of those murders occurring within their own homes, indicating an increase in feminicides (Cerqueira et al., 2019). Furthermore, according to the Brazilian Public Security Yearbook (Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, 2021), 81.5% of femicide victims were killed by their current or former partners.

Violence or threat of violence causes harm to the individual’s biopsychosocial structure and has multiple causal factors. In the case of IPV in Brazil, the consequences are significant both at the individual and collective levels, impacting women`s mental health, the perpetuation of violence, the reproduction of violent behavior by children, trauma, and death. Even during the pandemic, the numbers have shown the continuation of IPV, further highlighting the need for an interdisciplinary look in the public health sphere (Cerqueira et al., 2019; Njaine et al., 2020; Padovani & Williams, 2002).

Research analyzing the variables that contribute to IPV are extensive in the international literature and associate IPV with cultural, family, and socioeconomic factors, the presence of psychopathologies, and psychoactive substance use (Heise, 2011; Holtzworth-Munroe & Meehan, 2004; Voith et al., 2020; WHO, 2021). Research have also identified the need for better planning of IPV interventions. Interventions that achieved greater reduction in violent behavior divided aggressors into typologies, assessed frequency and intensity of aggressive behaviors, and offered individualized treatment to the aggressor and the insertion of specific treatments, if they presented use of psychoactive substances or trauma history (Babcock et al., 2004; Karakurt et al., 2019; Voith et al., 2020).

In Brazil, there is no clarity as to the quality, theoretical lines, or intervention models for aggressors that are based on scientific evidence. Because IPV has relevant sociocultural characteristics regarding the maintenance of violence, understanding the variables and specific characteristics of the culture is a fundamental step in the identification and intervention of the aggressor (Heise, 2011). Thus, the objective of this article was to investigate approaches, strategies, and variables researched on aggressors in the Brazilian context, as well as the use and impact of therapeutic practices with this public.

Method

An integrative literature review was conducted using the keywords “homens que agridem mulheres” [men who assault women] and “agressores conjugais” [batterers] in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Psychology Electronic Periodicals (PePsic) databases (Page et al., 2021). These keywords were selected considering their comprehensiveness to encompass the largest possible number of articles involving aggressors. They were also identified as relevant keywords in the existing literature on this subject for identifying aggressors. Studies selected for inclusion followed three criteria: (1) studies conducted in Brazil; (2) empirical; and (3) that included male perpetrators of violence against intimate partners. The exclusion criteria were defined as follows: (a) theses, dissertations, monographs, or non-peer-reviewed works; and (b) articles unrelated to batterers or unrelated to IPV.

Twenty-five articles were found in the Lilacs database, five in the SciELO database, and one in PePsic, totaling 31 articles. After the exclusion of six duplicated articles, 25 articles remained. Among these, eight were excluded after abstract analysis and eight excluded after full-text reading; in both cases, for not being related to batterers. Two independent researchers evaluated the articles and reached agreement on the exclusion and inclusion process after the selection process. Finally, nine articles composed the corpus of the integrative literature review, as shown in Figure 1. The articles were analyzed for their content, investigated variables, and, when applicable, the type of intervention conducted and their results. Table 1 presents the description of the selected articles based on authors, sampling, year, research characteristics, and the main results found by the authors.

Figure 1
PRISMA Flow Diagram of the Integrative Review

Table 1
Information on articles selected for review; author(s), sample size, date of publication, characteristics of the research, and main findings

Author(s)	Sample	Date	Research characteristics	Main findings
Cortez et al.	7	2005	Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapeutic group for batterers.	A cognitive-behavioral group approach showed to be effective in altering violent behavior.
Lamoglia and Minayo	1,000	2009	Qualitative and quantitative analysis of reports at a police station with cross-referencing of data from couples’ accounts at the reception area.	Cultural determinants legitimize male power, favoring violent acts.
Oliveira et al.	1,631	2009	Questionnaire applied in a probabilistic sample stratified by clusters.	Correlation between alcohol use and risk of intimate partner aggression.
Padovani and Williams	40	2011	Semi-structured interview and administration of the Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).	Anxiety and inappropriate parenting practices contribute to intimate partner aggression.
Schraiber et al.	789	2012	Cross-sectional study with men in primary care, using convenience sampling.	The process of education and socialization of boys gives rise to men who perceive violence as an assertion of their identity.
Rovinski et al.	31	2018	Application of the Rorschach Test in men who were convicted and assigned to a reflective group due to violence against intimate partners.	Roscharch Aggressive Content (AgC) below the norm; egodystonia regarding their perception of being violent.
Priolo-Filho et al.	40	2019	Semi-structured interviews and administration of a questionnaire with perpetrators of violence among intimate partners, analyzing variables of jealousy and anxiety.	The group of men who perpetrated violence against intimate partners showed higher scores of jealousy and anxiety compared to the control group.
Stenzel	3	2019	Application of the Rorschach method in three men serving sentences for violence against women.	Deficits in strategies to manage the accumulation of tensions and stress.
Stenzel and Lisboa	3	2019	Application of the Rorschach method in three men imprisoned due to the Maria da Penha law, and interviews.	History of violence, abuse, and traumas contribute to violent behavior against intimate partners.

Results and Discussion

The articles were grouped into five categories: (1) therapeutic groups with a cognitive-behavioral approach (Cortez et al., 2005); (2) reflective groups on gender stereotypes (Rovinski et al., 2018); (3) cultural determinants (Lamoglia & Minayo, 2009; Schraiber et al., 2012); (4) jealousy, anxiety, and alcohol consumption (Oliveira et al., 2009; Priolo-Filho et al., 2019); and (5) parenting practices (Padovani & Williams, 2011; Stenzel, 2019; Stenzel & Lisboa, 2019). These categories will be explored below.

Therapeutic Groups with a Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Studies focusing on cognitive-behavioral approaches in the treatment of batterers are extensive in the international literature. According to a review by Voith et al. (2020), some of these interventions show positive results in emotional regulation strategies, cognitive restructuring, and aggression reduction, demonstrating better outcomes compared to other therapeutic models (Arce et al., 2020). However, other studies show no significant differences between the intervention group and control group, demonstrating minimal results in recidivism (Babcock et al., 2004) or inconclusive findings regarding effectiveness (Smedslund et al., 2011).

Among the articles selected in the integrative review, Cortez et al. (2005) conducted a group intervention with a cognitive-behavioral focus. The results showed improvements in the couple’s adjustment and an impact on the recurrence of violent behavior, as reported by the participant, their partner, and through monitoring of new reports. It is important to consider the difficulties and biases related to the sensitive nature of violence data and potential reliability issues regarding clients’ self-reporting. However, this Brazilian experience, involving seven men with a history of aggression, conducted through eight weekly sessions lasting two hours each, provides a possible framework for addressing the issue of IPV. Among the strategies most used in the treatment of domestic violence are relaxation exercises, psychoeducation, analysis of the family of origin, assessment of the impact of violence on the family, violence accountability, marital dynamics, examination of beliefs about gender roles, anger control strategies, identification of “hot and cold” thoughts, role play, social skills and assertiveness training, feedback, follow-up, and maintenance of gains. During the intervention, the main strategies used were taking responsibility for aggressive behavior (restructuring behavioral patterns that externalize responsibility), anger control (through self-observation and breathing techniques), timeout (leaving the environment where there is potential for aggressive behavior), assertiveness training, and role-playing (acting out scenes and analyzing strategies).

In another article included in the literature review, Padovani and Williams (2002) conducted a case study based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. A 52-year-old man, who engaged in physical violence in his marital relationship and in external settings, displayed a low frustration threshold and impulsive behavior. Among the strategies adopted, cognitive restructuring, anger management, relaxation exercises, and timeout stood out. Two months after treatment completion, improvements were identified in communication, anger management, and in the flexibility of legitimizing beliefs. Additionally, according to the patient, no new aggression was committed against the partner.

However, data from literature indicate that cognitive-behavioral therapy does not yield satisfactory results when applied to personality disorders, refractory cases, processes involving the limbic system (Smedslund et al., 2011), or with aggressors who have higher emotional and physiological activation (Voith et al., 2020). This indicates that cognitive-behavioral strategies may have positive results for batterers with lower emotional activation. Nevertheless, in aggressors with a higher degree of impulsivity, emotional activation, and generalization of violent behavior, the results may be limited (Karakurt et al., 2019; Nesset et al., 2020), indicating that strategies and techniques focused solely on cognition may not be effective for all types of aggressors.

Other Brazilian studies that analyzed aggressors’ profile focused on the identification of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) (Borges & Dell’Aglio, 2020; Paim & Falcke, 2016), which are deeply ingrained structures correlated with the limbic system, developed at a young age, shaped by temperament, environment, and unmet emotional needs. Most studies indicate a connection between intimate partner violence and schemas belonging to the domain of disconnection and rejection. In other words, they are individuals with a history of fragile bonds in the family of origin, unstable, insecure, with an impaired sense of belonging, with a disconnected view of themselves and others, sensitive to rejection and abuse (Borges & Dell’Aglio, 2020; Paim & Falcke, 2016). A recent meta-synthesis (Pilkington et al., 2021) observed a correlation between IPV and the mistrust and abuse schema, corroborating the findings of Brazilian studies. These results imply the need for the inclusion of therapeutic strategies with a cognitive-behavioral approach that address the traumatic content of memories developed at a young age.

Reflective Groups

Based on a socio-historical perspective, Reflective Groups propose an intervention based on the perceptions of gender stereotypes identified in those who perpetrate violence against women, understanding that patriarchal ideologies legitimize and encourage violence. The rigid normative masculine discourse, therefore, would have a direct impact on the perpetration of violence (Mistura, 2015; Scott, 2018).

In an article selected in the integrative review (Rovinski et al., 2018), the authors used the Rorschach Test with 31 men who were convicted due to IPV, assigned to participate in reflective groups. The results indicated that these men have a distorted (egodystonic) perception of violent behaviors. The participants’ accounts demonstrated a tendency to downplay violent behavior and not recognize it as such.

Rovinski et al. (2018) based their study on the narratives of seven participants who were indicted under the Maria da Penha law (Brazilian federal law on domestic violence against women), using semi-structured interviews to study their historical representations and interrelationships. Although voluntary, the male participants could have their sentences reduced if they were convicted. A total of 16 weekly sessions were conducted, each lasting two hours. The themes were based on the Maria da Penha law, such as illnesses, masculinity, gender roles, violence in interpersonal relationships, family, and work. Spontaneous topics that emerged in the group dynamics were also addressed. Among the observed benefits, greater flexibility in understanding gender roles, the denaturalization of the role of violence against the intimate partner, and strategies for conflict prevention and resolution were noted from participants’ narrative analyses. This framework of progress assessment deserves attention, as it is important to highlight the potential biases, especially the potential sentence reduction that participation could entail. These factors may have influenced the discourse and the conclusions of the study itself, considering that the only effectiveness criterion was the perpetrator’s self-report. Other studies also highlight the importance of using reflective groups in the treatment of batterers (Prates & Andrade, 2013; Scott, 2018). However, the results were obtained through the analysis of participants’ discourse, without, for example, interviews with their partners or a longitudinal control to verify recidivism, which may reduce the reliability of the results regarding the reduction of violence practiced by these participants.

An important aspect to be observed in these studies is the inclusion criteria. In Mistura’s study (2015), the participants were primary male offenders, characterized by threats or minor injuries, without psychiatric disorders or substance use. Holtzworth-Munroe and Meehan (2004) characterized typologies among batterers by assessing their frequency and intensity, generalization of violent acts, and presence of psychopathologies. Aggressors who meet the inclusion criteria listed by Mistura (2015) can be referred to as “exclusive family members”. In many cases, these aggressors resolve their violent behavior without any therapeutic intervention, indicating that it would be questionable to apply the same approach to cases with more severe episodes of violence (Karakurt et al., 2019; Voith et al., 2020).

Cultural Determinants Regarding Gender Roles That Legitimize Violent Acts

Research on cultural determinants adopt an androcentric/patriarchal perspective that legitimizes various forms of violence against women. The stereotyped and rigid gender belief that positions women as inferior and submissive contributes to intimate partner violence (Saffioti, 2001). Based on this social distortion, the misogynistic violent relationship, of the superiority of men and objectification of women, legitimize violence as an act of correction towards the partner, blaming her and often understanding that the violence exerted was in defense of a prevailing moral status (Lamoglia & Minayo, 2009).

One of the articles obtained in this review was by Lamoglia and Minayo (2009). This study conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 1,000 complaints registered at a police station between 1997 and 2001, cross-referencing documentary data with couples’ statements at the service counter. It was found that 53% of the complaints were due to physical injury, 39% due to threats or attempted homicide, and 8% due to defamation and insults. Most physical aggressions targeted the female partners’ faces. Among the reasons for the complaints, 45% reported that the men displayed a posture of control, domination, and aggression even after the relationship had ended, 36% did not have a specific reason, and 14% because the female partners did not wish to maintain the relationship.

In a cross-sectional study in primary care (Schraiber et al., 2012), also obtained in the review, 789 men aged 18 to 60 years participated, with 775 having had a partnership at some point between 2002 and 2004. Among the data, the level of education stands out, with 65.5% of the participants presenting five to 11 years of education. Also, most of these men (52.1%) had committed some form of violence, with a higher prevalence of psychological and physical violence during the study period. These participants also reported victimization in intimate relationships, with 14.2% of them reporting experiencing some form of violence, with psychological violence being the most frequent. Regarding the perception of violence, 67.2% of the aggressors did not consider themselves violent, and 31.3% demonstrated a significant degree of generalization of violent behavior outside of the romantic relationship, consistent with the “generalized violent” typology described by Holtzworth-Munroe and Meehan (2004).

Cultural aspects, such as placing blaming and social pressure on women in romantic relationships, play an important role in the reporting of IPV (Edwards & Dardis, 2020). In general, these elements act as inhibitors of disclosure, whether through formal or informal channels. As a result, cases where male aggressors are not reported by their female partner are common (Padovani & Williams, 2002). Therefore, official data on violence should be interpreted with caution, considering that cultural variables are often not the focus of study for government agencies. It is possible to hypothesize that cultural variables are essential for understanding the underreporting of IPV.

Jealousy, Anxiety, And Alcohol Consumption in Marital Aggression

Among the variables that influence intimate partner violence, jealousy, anxiety, and alcohol use have shown to have a significant impact. In a probabilistic cluster sample, Oliveira et al. (2009) conducted home interviews with 1,631 individuals over 18 years old to estimate the occurrence of IPV in the past 2 years and explore possible associations with alcohol use and sociodemographic variables. In the sample, 41.2% were men, 5.0% admitted to perpetrating violence, and 6.1% of women reported experiencing some form of IPV. Interestingly, in the same study, age was found to be correlated with the profile of the perpetrator, with higher prevalence among those aged 30 to 39, followed by 18 to 29. However, international literature indicates a decrease in aggression with increasing age, suggesting possible regional differences or characteristics specific to this sample (O’Leary & Woodin, 2005). Nevertheless, caution must be exercised when making these comparisons due to the methodological differences between these studies, as the Brazilian study had a cohort design while the American study had a longitudinal design, making it difficult to compare these data.

Another finding from the study by Oliveira et al. (2009) indicated that alcohol use was associated with both the victimization (18.2%) and perpetration (15.9%) of IPV. Binge drinking was a predictor of higher frequency of victimization and perpetration. Women reported more frequently that alcohol was involved in the aggression, stating that during an episode, either no one or only the man had consumed alcohol. Regarding substance use, Padovani and Williams (2011), in a study with 40 individuals, including 20 aggressors, found that only the perpetrators reported current or past use of illicit substances. In cases where the perpetrator has abusive use of psychoactive substances, intervention targeting addictive behavior becomes necessary. Despite these data, a recent meta-analysis indicated that the differences in methods and measurements of alcohol and substance use across the literature makes it challenging to establish a clear relationship (Bacchus et al., 2018). Research utilizing validated measures adapted to the Brazilian context can help clarify the role of alcohol and illegal substances in IPV.

Analyzing the relationship between jealousy, anxiety, and intimate partner aggression, Priolo-Filho et al. (2019) found differences between groups in a sample of 40 men with similar sociodemographic measures, 20 with a history of aggression towards their partners and 20 without a history. Aggressors reported higher scores on the Jealousy Scale, particularly in the categories of pain and anger. In the aggressor group, 85% reported perceiving their partners to have higher levels of jealousy, while in the non-aggressor group, this rate was 20%. Regarding anxiety, 95% of the control group did not show significant scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), while in the aggressor group, 40% had mild anxiety, 15% had moderate anxiety, and 10% had severe anxiety. These findings are consistent with those obtained by Lamoglia and Minayo (2009), which indicate that jealousy and alcohol use preceding aggression rank third among the reasons reported by women for filing complaints. Most interventions available in the literature include some degree of elements aimed at controlling anxiety through cognitive techniques (Karakurt et al., 2019). However, meta-analyses on the subject have not identified anxiety as a variable that affects IPV, especially due to the diversity of measurements, like what occurs with alcohol and substance use (Bacchus et al., 2018).

Interventions focused on the specific needs of Brazilian perpetrators, through more detailed screening and the use of specific techniques, can offer more effective treatment (Priolo-Filho et al., 2019). Programs that include specific treatment for alcohol and other drugs and IPV have shown good effectiveness (Klostermann et al., 2010; Kraanen et al., 2013). In general, these programs have a semi-structured, flexible format based on cognitive-behavioral strategies with approximately 16 sessions. The female partner is also encouraged to participate in the first psychoeducation meeting on Lenore Walker’s “Cycle of Abuse”, and subsequently, psychoeducation techniques, motivational interviewing, anger management, tracking diaries, homework assignments, and strategies to deal with the perpetrator’s desires are used. The goal is abstinence from substances, although controlled use is an accepted goal; however, regarding aggressive behavior, cessation is the only accepted outcome (Klostermann et al., 2010; Kraanen et al., 2013). In the national context, understanding the expressions, functions, and consequences of these behaviors should be a priority for professionals working in the prevention and intervention of IPV. The lack of research on these topics has been one of the barriers to the implementation of interventions that can positively affect these variables.

Inappropriate Parenting Practices Contribute to Intimate Partner Aggression

Padovani and Williams (2011) observed that 90% of aggressors had a history of childhood abuse, with the father being the most common perpetrator. In contrast, 45% of non-aggressors experienced abuse. Among inappropriate parenting styles, the aggressor group had higher scores in neglect, inconsistent punishment, excessive control, and overprotection. A similar difference is observed in exposure to IPV during childhood, with 45% of aggressors and 15% of non-aggressors having a history of this form of victimization. Childhood intrafamilial violence, both as a victim and a witness, predicts marital violence (Kimber et al., 2018), and inappropriate parenting practices are an important variable in violence perpetrated by male batterers (Padovani & Williams, 2011).

In Stenzel’s (2019) article, three individuals imprisoned under the Maria da Penha law were evaluated through interviews and the Rorschach method, two of whom had murdered their partners. Difficulties in managing tensions and stress and a repertoire of conflict resolution based on aggression were identified. When analyzing their backgrounds (Stenzel & Lisboa, 2019), family patterns characterized by abuse, physical and psychological violence, helplessness, and trauma were identified.

Considering these characteristics in the aggressors’ life histories, Voith et al. (2020) emphasize the importance of investigating and intervening in the traumas experienced by these men as a possible pathway to preventing future violence against their current partners. New strategies based on investigations into life histories that address trauma and beliefs that affect the occurrence of violence, as well as elements that can modify rigid beliefs associated with violent behavior, can also be highlighted (Karakurt et al., 2019).

Conclusion

This study conducted an integrative review of the Brazilian literature on batterers. The review identified theoretical divergences and a dispersion of knowledge on the topic across different areas, which can hinder the planning and standardization of interventions for aggressors. Furthermore, a scarcity of Brazilian research on the subject was observed, which may contribute to the current dispersion of knowledge in the field.

An important aspect observed in this review is the need for future research to investigate aspects of violence recurrence and frequency. This assessment can be done through interviews with both the partner and the aggressor, or through monitoring of reports. However, more comprehensive methods for monitoring families in situations of violence should be adopted to obtain more reliable data for future research and interventions.

This review has some limitations, such as the exclusive use of Latin American databases, which may have excluded publications in other languages that addressed the Brazilian reality. Additionally, it did not consider theoretical works that may present legal innovations or proposals for interventions to be tested in the future. Given these limitations, it is necessary to continue investing in research that can elucidate the contextual, social, and life history variables that increase the occurrence of violence among intimate partners. Furthermore, it is important to identify the most suitable intervention strategies that consider the culture and structure of Brazilian services, to promote more effective interventions for the prevention and addressing of domestic violence.

The data presented and discussed in this study provide a scientific basis for decision-making in public policies and individual and group interventions for this population. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve a broader and more effective understanding of the phenomenon of intimate partner violence in the Brazilian context.

• Support

  Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Processs nº 88887.842021/2023-00 and 88887.842025/2023-00).
• How to cite this article: Vieira, T. C., Carrascoso, M. C., Hoinski, R. B., Zibetti, M. R., & Priolo-Filho, S. R. (2024). Integrative review of the Brazilian literature on batterers. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 41, e220067. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202441e220067
• Article based on the master’s thesis of T. C. VIEIRA, entitled “Revisão sistemática da literatura nacional sobre agressores conjugais e framework para avaliação de tratamento”. Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, 2021.

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Edited by

Editor

André Luiz Monezi de Andrade

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Oct 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  06 Sept 2022
• Reviewed
  27 Apr 2023
• Accepted
  28 July 2023