Etiology and control strategies of papaya virus diseases in Brazil

The major disease problems affecting papaya (Carica papaya) throughout the world are caused by viruses. These diseases cause serious reductions in fruit production, even totally destroying affected orchards. Although more than ten different viruses have been registered in papaya world-wide, only three have been identified to date that naturally infect papaya in Brazil: Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), Papaya lethal yellowing virus (PLYV) and the "meleira" steak disease virus that is being characterized. Ringspot caused by PRSV is unquestionably the most important disease affecting papaya in the world. Control of PRSV in Brazil is necessary but not easy, because it is efficiently transmitted by different aphid species and the absence of resistance in C. papaya. Several measures to control PRSV have been tested in Brazil without great sucess. There is no efficient and durable strategic control available. The development of transgenic papaya plants expressing the PRSV coat protein gene (cp), immune to the virus, has opened up a new efficient and probably, more durable control measure.