Stability and resilience |
Community structure |
Diversity and species composition (Magurran, 2004Magurran AE. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell; 2004.) |
Diversity |
Shannon Index (H’) |
Similar to the AR1 reference area |
H’ > 2.0 = 3 (high) |
H’ = 1.671 nat.ind-1 |
1.0 < H’ < 1.9 = 2 (mean) |
|
H’ < 0.9 = 1 (low) |
Equitability |
Pielou Index (J’) |
Similar to the AR1 reference area |
J’ ≥ 1 = 3 |
J’ = 1.09 |
0.5 < J’ < 0.9 = 2 |
|
J’ < 0.5 = 1 |
Species richness |
Number of tree species (SR) |
Presence of 50 % of the species number in the reference area (AR1) |
SR > 30 = 3 |
S = 75 |
10 < SR <30 = 2 |
|
SR < 10 = 1 |
Structure of the area |
Height (m) |
Average height increments (IMA) |
Average increase in the species height with confidence interval between 0.04 m to 0.17 m month-1 to 15 months of age |
IMA > 0,17 m month-1 = 3 |
0.04m/month < IAM < 0.17 m month-1 = 2 |
IMA < 0.04 m month-1= 1 |
DBH (cm) |
Average diameter increment (ADI) |
Mean increase in diameter (IMD) with a confidence interval of 0.20 cm to 0.27 cm per month-1 to 15 months in restoration plantations |
ADI> 0.27 cm-1 = 3 |
0.20 cm month-1 <IMD <0.27 cm month -1 = 2 |
ADI <0.20 cm month -1 = 1 |
Bifurcation (no.) |
Reflect excessive light, delay in establishing competition or inadequate silvicultural practice |
Values compatible with those found in the reference area (AR1) |
No. bifurcations < AR = 3 |
Number of bifurcated individuals = 2.3 ± 0.35 |
No. bifurcations = AR = 2 |
|
No. bifurcations > AR = 1 |
Bifurcation position |
Similar to that obtained in AR1 |
UT < 24.3 % = 3 |
In the upper thirds (UT) from zero to 24.3% of the individuals sampled |
UT > 24.3 % = 1 |
No. of strata |
Forest stratification |
Presence in the three vegetation strata formed by the upper canopy (height greater than 12 m), medium stratum (from 5 m to 12 m) and lower (< 5 m) (Brasil, 1994Brasil. Decreto n. 8.952, de 9 de janeiro de 2017. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF (2017 Jan 24).) |
Three strata = 3 |
Two strata = 2 |
A stratum = 1 |
Functional diversity |
Presence of epiphytes |
Forest structure restoration |
Sources of resources and shelter for fauna, water cycling and nutrients |
Present = 3 |
Absent = 0 |
Succession process |
% of species per ecological group |
Number of species by ecological groups used in restorations |
Minimum percentage of species per ecological group of 40 % (SMA 08/2008). NP = non-pioneer; P = pioneer |
NP > 60% = 3 |
40% < NP < 60 % = 2 |
NP < 40 % = 1 |
Ecological functions of species |
Ecological functions of the species employed |
Presence of species with ecological functions (feco) of nitrogen fixation by microorganisms, biomass contribution (deciduous species), fauna attraction (zoocoric species) and shading (broad crowns) |
feco ≥ 4 = 3 |
1 > feco <4 = 2 |
feco ≤ 1 = 1 |
None = 0 |
Organic matter contribution |
Height of litter |
Height of leaf deposition stratum |
Similar to that obtained in AR1, at the same time |
> AR1 = 3 |
(AR1 = 5.46 ± 0.2 cm) |
FALSE |
|
< AR1 = 1 |
% of area covered by litter |
Soil covering with organic matter. |
Values similar to the reference area (AR1) |
> 75 % = 3 |
50 % - 75 % = 2 |
25 % - 50 % = 1 |
1 - 25% = 0 |
Management and conservation |
Sanity |
Presence of termites and ants |
Ants and termites nests |
Absence of ants and termites is expected, indicating the implementation of appropriate cultural practices and control |
Absent = 3 |
Present = 1 |
Presence of lianas and vines |
Non-arboreal species that dominate the crown of trees, especially the upper and middle thirds |
In degraded areas, the presence of vines and lianas is more frequent indicating the occurrence of clearings in the area |
Absent = 3 |
Present = 1 |
Degree of intervention and impacts in the area |
Level of disturbance in the area |
Occurrence of fire, domestic animals grazing, garbage, artifacts of woody individuals |
The absence of disturbances that restrict the development and establishment of natural regeneration and vegetation in general |
Absent = 3 |
Present = 1 |
Human presence (negative aspects) |
Tracks and paths |
Disturbed areas frequently used by people tend to become vulnerable and may interfere with vegetation |
Absent = 3 |
Present = 1 |
% of soil cover with grasses |
Soil surface covered by invasive grasses |
Dominant invasive species in degraded areas indicate lack of management control and cultural practices |
0 % = 3 |
0 % - 25 % = 2 |
25 % - 50 % = 1 |
> 50 % = 0 |
Degree of intervention and impacts in the area |
Presence of exotic species |
Agricultural or forest species exotic to the region and invasive (except for grasses) |
Absent in conservation areas or used for environmental restoration purposes |
Absent = 3 |
% area with mulch |
Ground covered due to silvicultural practice on grasses control. |
The presence of mulch originated from the control of grasses protects the soil against erosion and favors the penetration of water in the soil |
> 50 % = 3 (high) |
30 % - 50 % = 2 (mean) |
0 % - 30 % = 1 (low) |
Canopy closure |
% light on the ground |
Amount of light that crosses the canopy and reaches the surface of the soil |
The rapid vegetation development promotes shading in restoration projects, reduces the incident lightness on the soil, an important factor on the weed-competition reduction |
0 % - 30 % = 3 (low) |
30 % - 50 % = 2 (mean) |
% light at 1 m from the ground |
Amount of light reaching 1 m from the ground |
> 50 % = 1 (high) |
Crown cover |
Canopy closure, light reduction and direct incident rain on the ground |
The crown cover controls the quantity, quality and temporal and spatial distribution of light, to determine differentiated levels of air humidity, temperature and soil moisture conditions (Halpern & Lutz, 2013Halpern CB, Lutz JA. Canopy closure exerts weak controls on understory dynamics: a 30-year study of overstory-understory interactions. Ecological Monographs 2013; 83(2): 221-237. 10.1890/12-1696.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1696.1...
) |
> 50 % = 3 |
25 % - 50 % = 2 |
0 % - 25 % = 1 |
0 % = 0 |