Composition, Structure and Diversity of Vegetation on Asphalt Post-Mining Sites in Buton Island, Indonesia

Albasri, Albasri; Tuheteru, Faisal Danu; Husna, Husna; Budiharta, Sugeng; Tuheteru, Edy Jamal; Mulyono, Sri; Yunanto, Tedi; Karlin, Veni

doi:10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2023-0022

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Silviculture • Floresta Ambient. 30 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2023-0022 copy

Composition, Structure and Diversity of Vegetation on Asphalt Post-Mining Sites in Buton Island, Indonesia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Studies related to reclamation on asphalt post-mining land are lacking. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of vegetation on asphalt post-mining sites in Buton, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The study focused on the composition, structure and diversity of plants on asphalt post-mining sites with varying ages (0-20 years) and overburden conditions. In total, this study recorded 105 plant species belonging to 37 families with richness index of 0.33-6.30 (low-high), diversity index of 0.31-2.96 (low-medium), and evenness index of 0.28-0.94 (low-high). The highest number of plant species was observed on the 7-year-old overburden site (46 species), suggesting that post-mining age is not necessarily the determinant factor of vegetation condition. There was arrested succession on the post-mining site with no overburden, implying that management of overburden is essential. Our study recommends that active planting using species from Rubiaceae family can be applied for reclamation of degraded land on asphalt post-mining areas.

Keywords:
Arrested succession; asphalt; passive restoration; Rubiaceae

Site	Age (year)	Code	Geographical coordinates	Elevation (m asl)	Climate
Site	Age (year)	Code	Geographical coordinates	Elevation (m asl)	Annual rainfall (mm)	Humidity (%)	Temperature (^oC)	Radiation period
IUP Kabungka
Site Winto	1	K1	122⁰ 53’ 38.76” 5⁰ 23’ 8.28”	153.99	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
	2	K2	122⁰ 53’ 40.44” 5⁰ 23’ 10.61”	159.21	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
	5	K5	122⁰ 53’ 33.96” 5⁰ 23’ 8.13”	163.77	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
Site C	7	K7	122⁰ 52’ 23.48” 5⁰ 23’ 42.14”	205.46	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
Site F	10	K10	122⁰ 53’ 11.12” 5⁰ 24’ 19.98”	173.78	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
Site E	20	K20	122⁰ 53’ 1.17” 5⁰ 23’ 46.97”	166.89	2,340,19	96.60	29	36.95
IUP Lawele
OB	10	L10	122⁰ 58’ 9.96” 5⁰ 13’ 12.51”	35.24	2,076,48	98.73	29.67	27.97
Ex-mined site	10	LM10	122⁰ 58’ 11.6” 5⁰ 13’ 12.09”	41.32	2,076,48	98.73	29.67	27.97

No	Species	Family	Site
No	Species	Family	K1	K2	K5	K7	K10	K20	LM10	L10
1	Aeschynomene indica Wall.	Fabaceae	U
2	Ageratum conyzoides L.	Asteraceae	U
3	Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.	Euphorbiaceae					U,T
4	Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don	Araceae				U
5	Alstonia spectabilis R.Br.	Apocynaceae		U		U,S	S	U,S,T	U	U,S
6	Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC	Fabaceae							U
7	Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson	Acanthaceae							U
8	Amomum sp.	Zingiberaceae	U		U	U		U		U
9	Andropogon sp.	Poaceae	U
10	Annona muricata L.	Annonaceae					U
11	Ardisia elliptica Thunb.	Primulaceae				U
12	Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume	Moraceae				U
13	Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff	Asteraceae				U
14	Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.	Aspleniaceae	U	U	U,S	U		U	U
15	Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.	Asteraceae				U
16	Boehmeria sp.	Urticaceae				S
17	Bombax ceiba L.	Malvaceae				S
18	Borreria sp.	Rubiaceae							U
19	Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr.	Lamiaceae
20	Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.	Fabaceae	U	U
21	Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson	Anonaceae								S
22	Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.	Asteraceae	U	U	U	U	U		U	U
23	Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob.	Asteraceae							U
24	Cyperus sp.	Cyperaceae							U
25	Dendrocnide sp.	Urticaceae	U
26	Desmodium sp.	Fabaceae							U
27	Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.	Poaceae							U
28	Dillenia serrata Thunb.	Dilleniaceae			U	U			U
29	Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth	Dioscoreaceae				U
30	Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore	Polypodiaceae						U
31	Duabanga moluccana Blume	Lythraceae			S
32	Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch.Bip.	Asteraceae	U
33	Emilia praetermissa Milne-Redh.	Asteraceae		U
34	Erigeron sp.	Asteraceae				U
35	Euphorbia heterophylla L.	Euphorbiaceae							U
36	Euphorbia sp1	Euphorbiaceae	U
37	Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.	Menispermaceae				U
38	Ficus albipila (Miq.) King	Moraceae				U				P
39	Ficus ampelas Burm.f.	Moraceae				U
40	Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume	Moraceae				U,S
41	Ficus gul Lauterb. & K.Schum.	Moraceae								U
42	Ficus racemosa Willd.	Moraceae							U
43	Ficus septica Burm.f.	Moraceae	U	U	U	U,S			U
44	Ficus sp 1	Moraceae	U	U,S	U,S,P	U,S,P		P
45	Ficus sp 2	Moraceae			U,S,P	S			U
46	Ficus sp 3	Moraceae		U
47	Ficus variegata Blume	Moraceae				U,P		U,S		S
48	Fimbristylis sp.	Cyperaceae							U
49	Hemigraphis sp.	Acanthaceae				U
50	Hyptis capitata Jacq.	Lamiaceae		U	U				U	U
51	Hypericum sp.	Hypericaceae							U
52	Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.	Poaceae	U	U	U	U			U
53	Lantana camara L.	Verbenaceae					U	U		U
54	Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.	Vitaceae								S
55	Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit	Fabaceae					U,S,P
56	Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.	Schizaeaceae		U
57	Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.	Euphorbiaceae			U			U,S,P
58	Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baill.	Euphorbiaceae				U,S				S
59	Macaranga sp 1	Euphorbiaceae		U,S	U	S		U,S
60	Macaranga sp 2	Euphorbiaceae				S				S
61	Macaranga sp 3	Euphorbiaceae	U	U	S	U
62	Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg.	Euphorbiaceae		U			U,S		U	U,S,P
63	Mangifera sp.	Anacardiaceae				U		S		U
64	Melochia sp.	Malvaceae							U
65	Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.	Convolvulaceae			U
66	Microcos sp.	Malvaceae						U,S,P,T
67	Mikania micrantha Kunth	Asteraceae				U
68	Mikania sp.	Asteraceae				U
69	Mimosa pudica L.	Fabaceae		U					U
70	Muntingia calabura L.	Muntingiaceae	U	U,S	U,S,P	S,P,T	S	S
71	Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.	Rubiaceae		U		U			U,S	S,P,T
72	Nauclea sp.	Rubiaceae			S	U,S		S,P
73	Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.	Rubiaceae						U
74	Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser	Rubiaceae					T		U	P,T
75	Neolamarckia macrophylla (Roxb.) Bosser	Rubiaceae	U	U	S,P	U,S,P,T	U,P,T	U,S	U,S	S,T
76	Neonauclea sp.	Rubiaceae		U	U,S	U,S		S,T
77	Paspalum sp.	Poaceae							U
78	Phyllanthus sp 1.	Phyllanthaceae		U
79	Phyllanthus sp 2.	Phyllanthaceae							U
80	Piper aduncum L.	Piperaceae		U	U	U,S	U,S	S
81	Piper sp.	Piperaceae						U		U
82	Polyscias kjellbergii (Philipson) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett	Araliaceae				S		U
83	Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.	Asteraceae	U	U
84	Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.	Urticaceae							U
85	Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae				U	S		U	U,S
86	Pteris sp.	Pteridaceae							U
87	Pteris tripartita Sw.	Pteridaceae					U
88	Pteris vittata L.	Pteridaceae		U					U
89	Pteris wallichiana C.Agardh	Pteridaceae	U	U	U	U		U
90	Rubus moluccanus L.	Rosaceae				U
91	Ruellia tuberosa L.	Acanthaceae					U
92	Saraca sp.	Fabaceae					U,S
93	Saurauia sp.	Actinidiaceae				S
94	Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Fabaceae					U
95	Setaria sp.	Poaceae	U	U	U				U
96	Spathoglottis plicata Blume	Orchidaceae			U
87	Spathoglottis sp.	Orchidaceae				U
98	Solanum torvum Sw.	Solanaceae					U			U
99	Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz	Anacardiaceae								T
100	Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl	Verbenaceae	U	U		U				U
101	Syzygium sp.	Myrtaceae						U
102	Trema sp.	Cannabaceae	U
103	Urena lobata L.	Malvaceae								U
104	Vitex cofassus Reinw. ex Blume	Lamiaceae				U			U	U
105	Unidentified 1									U,S
	Total		21	26	23	46	17	21	34	25

Growth stage	Biodiversity indicator	Kabungka				Lawele
Growth stage	Biodiversity indicator	K1	K2	K5	K7	K10	K20	LM10	L10
Tree	Diversity Index (H’)	-	-	-	0.56	0.31	0.50	-	1.14
	Evenness Index (E)	-	-	-	0.81	0.28	0.72	-	0.83
	Richness Index (R)	-	-	-	0.72	0.50	0.62	-	1.21
	Species richness	-	-	-	2	3	2	-	4
	Density (ind. ha^-1)	-	-	-	20	675	63	-	150
Pole	Diversity Index (H’)	-	-	0.88	0.95	0.50	1.51	-	1.23
	Evenness Index (E)	-	-	0.64	0.68	0.72	0.94	-	0.89
	Richness Index (R)	-	-	1.04	0.90	0.33	1.38	-	1.06
	Species richnessnumber	-	-	4	4	2	5	-	4
	Density (ind. ha^-1)	-	-	900	560	1,000	900	-	850
Sapling	Diversity Index (H’)	-	0.62	1.80	2.07	1.37	2.16	0.56	1.89
	Evenness Index (E)	-	0.56	0.82	0.72	0.70	0.90	0.81	0.79
	Richness Index (R)	-	0.63	2.08	3.45	2.00	2.57	0.72	2.69
	Species richness	-	3	9	18	7	11	2	11
	Density (ind. ha^-1)	-	4,800	9,400	11,040	4,000	9,800	320	8,200
Understory	Diversity Index (H’)	1.74	2.87	2.51	2.96	2.22	2.08	2.34	2.52
	Evenness Index (E)	0.57	0.85	0.87	0.82	0.87	0.77	0.66	0.91
	Richness Index (R)	3.12	4.13	2.79	6.30	2.30	2.34	5.70	2.96
	Species richness	21	26	18	37	13	15	34	16
	Density (ind. ha^-1)	152,750	105,750	110,000	30,400	92,000	100,250	32,600	31,600

Parameter	Unit	Kabungka						Lawele		Criteria
Parameter	Unit	K1	K2	K5	K7	K10	K20	L10	LM10
pH H₂O (SNI 03-6787-2002)		8.1	8.1	8	7.9	7.7	7.8	7.8	7.8	All sites = slightly alkaline
C-organic (SNI 13-47211-1998 (Walkey & Black))	%	1.11	1.1	1.38	2.07	2.83	3.93	4.2	3.19	K1,K2,K5 = low; K7-K10 = moderate; K20,L10,LM10 = high
N Total (SNI 13-4721-1998 (Kjeldahl))	%	0.08	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.25	0.33	0.35	0.23	K1=very low; K2,K5,K7 = low; K10,K20,LM10,L10 = moderate
C/N ratio		14	10	13	16	11	12	12	14	K2=low; K1, K5, K10, K20,L10, M10=moderate; K7=high
P₂O₅ (SL-MU-TT-05 (Bray I/II)	mg/kg	1.92	1.37	1.63	3.3	9.46	10.3	16.6	19	K1,K2,K5,K7=very low; K10,K20=moderate; L10,LM10=very high
Cation exchange capacity/CEC (SL-MU-TT-07)
Ca	cmol/kg	34.64	34.52	27.25	33.78	36.8	41.83	47.59	49.9	All sites = very high
Mg	cmol/kg	0.6	0,16	0.6	0.59	0.59	0.59	0,65	1.12	K2,K5=very low, K1,K7,K10,K20,L10=low, LM10=moderate
Na	cmol/kg	0.53	0.48	0.62	0.6	0.78	0.64	0.02	0.52	L10=very low, other sites = moderate
K	cmol/kg	0.16	0.64	0.3	0.2	0.48	0.49	1.14	1.49	K1, K5,K7 = low, K10,K20 = moderate, K2=high, L10, LM10 = very high
CEC	cmol/kg	9.04	8.88	7.11	10.61	16.32	15.81	27.62	25.16	K1,K2,K5,K7,K10,K20=low. L10,LM10=high
Texture SL-MU-TT-10 (Hydrometer)
Sand	%	41	37.5	44	42.8	40.8	42.3	24.2	42.9	K1,K2,K5 = loam and other site = clay loam
Silt	%	20.4	23.9	20.7	31.1	29.6	34.6	26.7	34.3
Clay	%	38.6	38.6	35.3	26.1	29.6	23.1	49.1	22.8
Total metal element (HNO3-HclO4)
Cu	ppm	11.2	11.3	10	10.4	11.8	8.12	16.6	15.1	normal
Zn	ppm	83.2	78.6	39.4	87.2	106	84.3	43.7	46.5	normal
Fe	%	0.43	0.45	0.42	0.52	0.54	0.42	0.6	0.58
Mn	ppm	350	471	267	421	437	251	610	554	normal

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[1] CORRESPONDENCE TO Faisal Danu Tuheteru Anduonohu, Kec. Kambu, Kendari, 93232, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. e-mail: faisal.danu.tuheteru_fhut@uho.ac.id