Ten Years Assessment of Shifting Cultivation on Land Cover and Carbon Storage in Timor Island, Indonesia

Kusuma, Aprisep Ferdhana; Sadono, Ronggo; Wardhana, Wahyu

doi:10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2022-0016

Aprisep Ferdhana Kusuma

Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Environment and Forestry Education Training Center of Kupang, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-276X

Ronggo Sadono

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Management, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-0419

Wahyu Wardhana

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Management, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2721-268X

CORRESPONDENCE TORonggo Sadono Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Bulaksumur 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia email: rsadono@ugm.ac.id

Associate editor: Fernando Gomes http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-4888

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Aprisep Ferdhana Kusuma: Data curation (Lead), Formal analysis (Equal), Investigation (Supporting), Methodology (Supporting), Software (Supporting), Visualization (Equal), Writing - original draft (Lead).

Ronggo Sadono: Conceptualization (Lead), Formal analysis (Equal), Methodology (Lead), Supervision (Lead), Validation (Equal), Writing - review & editing (Lead).

Wahyu Wardhana: Investigation (Lead), Software (Lead), Validation (Equal), Visualization (Equal).

Data	Acquisition Date	Source
Landsat 8, Path/Row 111/67, spatial resolution 30 m	2021/04/28	USGS¹
Landsat 8, Path/Row 111/67, spatial resolution 30 m	2016/08/20	USGS¹
Landsat 8, Path/Row 111/67, spatial resolution 30 m	2013/08/28	USGS¹
Google Earth Image	2021	Google Earth
Socio-Economic Survey Data	2013;2015;2019	EFETI Kupang²
Boundary Survey Data	2018;2020;2021	EFETI Kupang²
Geotag Photo	2013;2015;2018;2019;2020;2021	EFETI Kupang²
Vector Boundary of the Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area with Special Purpose	2021	EFETI Kupang²

Land Cover Class	Description	Carbon storage a ton of Carbon ha^-1 (Tosiani, 2015Tosiani A. Buku Kegiatan Serapan dan Emisi Karbon. Direktorat Inventarisasi dan Pemantauan Sumber Daya Hutan Direktorat Jendral Planologi Kehutanan dan Tata Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 2015.)
Forest Area
Highly Dense Forest	Natural forest with mineral soil that has been logged, either selective cutting or clear-cutting, marked with logging path (Secondary Forest)	98.84
Moderately Dense Forest	Also known as industrial plantation forest, namely land planted with industrial forest plants such as Acacia, Eucalyptus, etc.	98.38
Non-Forest Area
Shrubs	Degraded log over areas on non-wet habitat that are an ongoing process of succession but not yet reach stable forest ecosystem, having natural scattered trees or shrubs. Land overgrown with high shrubs canopies up to 5 m.	30.00
Savanna/Grass Land	Areas with grasses and scattered natural trees, reeds, and spikes.	4.00
Barren Land	Bare grounds and areas with no vegetation cover yet, including open exposure areas, craters, sandbanks, sediments, and areas post-fire that has not yet exhibited regrowth.	2.50

Index		Formula or Algorithm for Landsat 8 (OLI)
VI
	NDVI	$= (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red)$
	AVI	$= {[NIR \times (65536 - Red) \times (NIR - Red) + 1]}^{1 / 3}, (NIR - Red) > 0$
	ANVI	= This index is derived from NDVI and AVI by PCA
BI		$= [(SWIR 1 + Red) - (Blue + NIR) / (SWIR 1 + Red) + (Blue + NIR)] \times 25600 + 25600$
SI		$= {[(65536 - Blue) \times (65536 - Green) \times (65536 - Red)]}^{1 / 3}$
TI		= This index is calibrated from the thermal data band or atmospheric correction
FD		= This index is calculated from the first principal component of VI and BI
SSI		= This index is calculated from the first principal component of SI and TI
FCD		$= {(VD \times SSI + 1)}^{1 / 2} - 1$

Land Cover Class			2013					2016					2021
Land Cover Class	TPC	TPP	TPU	PA (%)	UA (%)	TPC	TPP	TPU	PA (%)	UA (%)	TPC	TPP	TPU	PA (%)	UA (%)
Bl	5	6	5	83.33	100.00	4	5	5	80.00	80.00	4	4	5	100.00	80.00
Sav	3	5	5	60.00	60.00	4	7	5	57.14	80.00	4	5	5	80.00	80.00
Shr	3	3	5	100.00	60.00	3	4	5	75.00	60.00	3	6	5	50.00	60.00
MDF	4	5	5	80.00	80.00	4	4	5	100.00	80.00	3	6	5	50.00	60.00
HDF	5	6	5	83.33	100.00	5	5	5	100.00	100.00	4	4	5	100.00	80.00
OA				80.00					80.00					75.00
OKS				0.75					0.75					0.65

a) 2013 - 2016
2013 Land Cover Classes	2016 - Land Cover Classes (ha)					Total 2013
2013 Land Cover Classes	Bl	Hdf	Mdf	Sav	Shr	Total 2013
Bl	16.93	0	0	2.05	0.02	19.01
Hdf	0	591.47	186.65	1.55	13.40	793.06
Mdf	0.25	229.82	829.59	47.22	182.05	1,288.94
Sav	23.44	0.14	6.08	316.90	51.76	398.32
Shr	0.58	2.01	164.16	101.55	382.36	650.66
Total 2016	41.20	823.45	1,186.47	469.27	629.59	3,149.98
b) 2016 - 2021
2016 Land Cover Classes	2021 - Land Cover Classes (ha)					Total 2016
2016 Land Cover Classes	Bl	Hdf	Mdf	Sav	Shr	Total 2016
Bl	35.90	0	0	5.00	0.32	41.21
Hdf	0	430.52	341.58	4.52	46.09	822.72
Mdf	1.69	91.05	558.03	122.90	412.75	1,186.42
Sav	92.88	0.38	5.13	328.18	42.66	469.23
Shr	7.34	4.01	55.31	331.05	231.75	629.45
Total 2021	137.81	525.95	960.06	791.64	733.56	3,149.03
c) 2013 - 2021
2013 Land Cover Classes	2021 - Land Cover Classes (ha)					Total 2013
2013 Land Cover Classes	Bl	Hdf	Mdf	Sav	Shr	Total 2013
Bl	17.40	0	0	1.57	0.06	19.03
Hdf	1.09	388.77	319.18	20.86	62.02	791.93
Mdf	5.09	133.28	571.10	171.48	408.07	1,289.01
Sav	104.86	0.15	4.95	255.76	32.28	398.00
Shr	9.44	3.44	64.46	341.95	231.14	650.43
Total 2021	137.88	525.64	959.68	791.63	733.58	3,148.41

2013 - 2016
Shifting Cultivation Location	Forest Degradation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)	Total Forest Degradation 2013 - 2016 (ha)	Deforestation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)			Total Deforestation 2013 - 2016 (ha)
Shifting Cultivation Location	MDF	Total Forest Degradation 2013 - 2016 (ha)	BL	Sav	Shr	Total Deforestation 2013 - 2016 (ha)
HDF	6.51	186.65	0	0.55	1.34	14.94
MDF	0	0	0.01	9.97	30.25	229.53
Total	6.51	186.65	0.01	10.52	31.60	244.47
2016 - 2021
Shifting Cultivation Location	Forest Degradation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)	Total Forest Degradation 2016 - 2021 (ha)	Deforestation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)			Total Deforestation 2016 - 2021 (ha)
Shifting Cultivation Location	MDF	Total Forest Degradation 2016 - 2021 (ha)	BL	Sav	Shr	Total Deforestation 2016 - 2021 (ha)
HDF	2.98	341.58	0	0.06	0.49	50.61
MDF	0	0	0.12	16.49	23.01	537.34
Total	2.98	341.58	0.12	16.56	23.49	587.95
2013 - 2021
Shifting Cultivation Location	Forest Degradation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)	Total Forest Degradation 2013 - 2021 (ha)	Deforestation Caused by Shifting Cultivation (ha)			Total Deforestation 2013 - 2021 (ha)
Shifting Cultivation Location	MDF	Total Forest Degradation 2013 - 2021 (ha)	BL	Sav	Shr	Total Deforestation 2013 - 2021 (ha)
HDF	4.13	319.18	0.02	2.45	3.03	83.98
MDF	0	0	1.63	31.91	28.50	584.64
Total	4.13	319.18	1.64	34.36	31.53	668.62

A c c u r a c y_{p r o d u c e r} = \frac{T o t a l n u m e r o f p i x e l s i n a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n}{T o t a l n u m b e r o f p i x e l s o f t h a t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g o t f r o m t h e r e f e r e n c e d a t a (i . e ., r o w t o t a l)} \dots

A c c u r a c y_{u s e r} = \frac{T o t a l n u m e r o f p i x e l s i n a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n}{T o t a l n u m b e r o f p i x e l s o f t h a t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g o t f r o m t h e r e f e r e n c e d a t a (i . e ., c o l u m t o t a l)} \dots

[1] CORRESPONDENCE TORonggo Sadono Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Bulaksumur 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia email: rsadono@ugm.ac.id

Brasil

Brasil

Ten Years Assessment of Shifting Cultivation on Land Cover and Carbon Storage in Timor Island, Indonesia

Abstract