1. Mi-Joung Lee, et al2020 Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Lord SR, Raymond J, et al. Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: a randomized sham exercise-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(6):976-85. Year: 2008 |
ATG n = 13 STG n = 13 ATG + ST n = 14 GC n = 12 |
Knee extension and flexion and plantar flexion (pneumatic resistance); adductors and abductors (free weights) and dorsiflexion (isometric training). |
12 weeks |
50% of 1 MR After 2nd week 80% of 1MR |
2 × per week |
Strength (dynamometry and stair climbing test) and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak FC and peak VO2 max) |
Training improved the VO2 max, climbing stairs performance, and strength of individuals with stroke. |
2. Michelle M. Ouellette, et al2121 Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, Phillips E, Stein J, Frontera WR, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self-reported function, and disability in long-term stroke survivors. Stroke. 2004;35(6):1404-9. Year: 2004 |
GC n = 21 STG n = 21 |
Leg press (bilateral), knee extension, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion. |
12 weeks |
3 sets of 8-10 repetitions 70% of 1 MR Adjusted after 15 days by a new MR test |
3× per week |
6mWT, stair climbing and TSL test and gait speed |
ST improved strength in the paretic and non-paretic lower end after stroke and reduced functional limitations and disabilities. |
3. Rodrigo Fernandez Gonzalo et al2222 Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Fernandez-Gonzalo S, Turon M, Prieto C, Tesch PA, García-Carreira MC. Muscle, functional and cognitive adaptations after flywheel resistance training in stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016;13:37. Year: 2016 |
GC: n = 16 STG n = 16 |
Leg press unilateral (paretic member) with emphasis in eccentric contraction. |
12 weeks |
4 sets of 7 MR |
2 × per week Recovery period of at least 48 h between sessions |
Strength (load cell; TUG) and balance (Berg scale) |
Muscle power, gait performance, and balance increased in the STG. |
4. David J. Clark, et al2323 Clark DJ, Patten C. Eccentric versus concentric resistance training to enhance neuromuscular activation and walking speed following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27(4):335-44. Year: 2013 |
STG eccentric n =18 STG concentric n =17 |
Knee extension and flexion; hip abduction, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion; and a multistage task involving the hip, knee, and ankle. |
5 weeks |
3-4 sets of 10 repetitions |
3 × per week |
Strength (isokinetic dynamometry) |
The results of this study support the hypothesis that eccentric exercise is more effective than concentric exercise for neuromuscular activation in patients post-stroke. |
5. Ulla-Britt Flansbjer, et al.55 Flansbjer UB, Miller M, Downham D, Lexell J. Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(1):42-8. Year: 2008 |
STG n =15 GC n = 9 |
Knee extension and flexion. |
10 weeks |
2 series of 6-8 repetitions plus 2 sets with maximum repetitions 80% 1 MR Adjusted every 2 weeks (4x during the training period) |
2× per week |
Strength (isokinetic dynamometry) and TUG |
The strength of the paretic limb significantly increased in the STG. |
6. Severinsen K, et al.2424 Severinsen K, Jakobsen JK, Pedersen AR, Overgaard K, Andersen H. Effects of resistance training and aerobic training on ambulation in chronic stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(1):29-42. Year:2014 |
ATG n = 13 STG n = 14 GC n = 16 |
Knee extension, leg press, hip extension flexion; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. |
12 weeks |
3 series of 8-12 repetitions 70% - 80% of 1 MR |
3 × per week |
6mWT; 10mWT; V02 peak and strength (dynamometry) |
Muscle strength increased after ST and was preserved after one follow-up. |
7. Felipe José Aidar et al.2525 Aidar FJ, Oliveira RJ, Matos DG, Mazini Filho ML, Moreira OC, Oliveira CE, et al. A Randomized Trial Investigating the Influence of Strength Training on Quality of Life in Ischemic Stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016;23(2):84-9. Year: 2016 |
STG n = 11 GC n = 13 |
Bench press, horizontal leg press, development, abdominal exercise, high pulley, and lunge squat. |
12 weeks |
3 sets of 8-10 repetitions with the same intensity of 3-5 (according to the OMNI scale) |
3 × per week |
Strength (1MR) |
The results indicated an improvement in strength measures in the STG (post-stroke patients). |
8. Sung Min Son, et al.2626 Son SM, Park MK, Lee NK. Influence of Resistance Exercise Training to Strengthen Muscles across Multiple Joints of the Lower Limbs on Dynamic Balance Functions of Stroke Patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(8):1267-9. Year: 2014 |
STG n = 14 GC n = 14 |
Leg press |
6 weeks |
3 sets of 8-10 repetitions 70% of 1 MR (loads adjusted weekly) |
5 × per week |
TUG, dynamic balance, and Berg scale |
Significant evolution of the STG in the anteroposterior and mid-lateral oscillation distance tests, Berg scale, and TUG relative to the GC. |
9.Sami S. Alabdulwahab, et al.2727 Alabdulwahab SS, Ahmad F, Singh H. Effects of Functional Limb Overloading on Symmetrical Weight Bearing, Walking Speed, Perceived Mobility, and Community Participation among Patients with Chronic Stroke. Rehabil Res Pract. 2015;2015:241519. Year:2015 |
STG n = 10 Group Training. Guided Tasks n = 13 |
STG: isotonic exercises for hip flexors and extensors; knee flexors and extensors; dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. Group Training. Guided Tasks: walk with anklet with 5% of the body weight. |
4 weeks |
3 series of 10-15 MR |
3 × per week |
Scales (Cadence, SGS, FGS, WBAL e SIS) |
Significant improvements are present in all evaluated aspects of both STG and training of oriented tasks. The results of the latter are more pronounced. |
10. Na Kyung Lee, et al.2828 Lee NK, Son SM, Nam SH, Kwon JW, Kang KW, Kim K. Effects of progressive resistance training integrated with foot and ankle compression on spatiotemporal gait parameters of individuals with stroke. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(10):1235-7. Year: 2013 |
STG n = 14 GC n = 14 |
Leg press |
6 weeks |
3 series of 8-10 repetitions 70% of 1MR Intensity adjusted weekly through the 1 MR test. |
5 × per week |
Temporal and spatial parameters of gait (electric walkway system) |
Increased gait speed and pacing length were present in the STG compared to pre-intervention values in the CG. |
11. C. Maria Kim, et al.2929 Kim CM, Eng JJ, MacIntyre DL, Dawson AS. Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double-blind controlled pilot study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10(6):265-73. Year: 2002 |
STG n = 10 GC n = 10 |
Hip flexion; knee extension and flexion, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion. |
6 weeks 18 sessions |
3 sets of 10 concentric maximum repetitions |
3 × per week |
Strength (isokinetic dynamometry), walking performance (e.g. gait velocity), and health-related quality of life |
Although both groups exhibited enhanced strength after intervention, a tendency of strength improvement in the STG was observed relative to the GC. |
12. Margareta Engardt,et al.3030 Engardt M, Knutsson E, Jonsson M, Sternhag M. Dynamic muscle strength training in stroke patients: effects on knee extension torque, electromyographic activity, and motor function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(5):419-25. Year: 1995 |
STG concentric n = 10 STG eccentric n = 10 |
Knee extension and flexion (concentric and eccentric) |
6 weeks |
Growing series from 1 to 15 with 10 repetitions |
2 × per week |
Strength (isokinetic dynamometry), EMG, weight distribution in sit and lift movements (strength platforms), and gait speed |
The extensor strength of the knee increased in both groups. Regarding the strength of the healthy limb, an increase was observed only during eccentric exercise. |