Functioning in victims of non-fatal traffic accident

Duarte, Flávia Guimarães Dias; Oliveira, Ligia Regina de; Melanda, Francine Nesello; Carlo, Franciele Silvia de

doi:10.1590/fm.2024.37202

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Brasil

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Fisioter. Mov. 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fm.2024.37202 copy

Functioning in victims of non-fatal traffic accident

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

Traffic accidents are a problem for the health system and society, evidenced by the high rates of deaths, hospitalizations and care in health services due to serious injuries and disabilities, affecting the functioning and quality of life of individuals.

Objective

To identify outcome measures in studies on victims of non-fatal traffic accidents, to fulfill the first step in the development of a Core Set of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for victims of non-fatal traffic accidents.

Methods

A systematic review of published articles was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO, between 2011 and 2022, using terms in English. The search strategy combined terms about the consequences of traffic accidents in adults. The selection of articles was carried out by two independent reviewers, applying the eligibility criteria.

Results

A total of 626 studies were located in the databases, and 91 articles were included in the review. The consequences observed in the studies were injuries, fractures and trauma. When extracting outcome measures, 780 concepts were identified, linked to a total of 124 ICF categories, in the components: body function (30 categories); body structure (72 categories); activity and participation (20 categories); and environmental factors (two categories).

Conclusion

This systematic review revealed that the main consequences of non-fatal traffic accidents for victims are in the body structures related to the movement, mobility and stability of joints.

Keywords
Disabled people; International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; Traffic accidents; Wounds and injuries

Database	Concept blocks used
PubMed/ MEDLINE	(traffic accident[Title] OR traffic Collision[Title] OR Traffic Crashes [Title]) AND (consequences[Title/Abstract] OR Injuries[Title/Abstract] OR Wounds[Title/Abstract] OR "Trauma Severity Indices"[Title/Abstract] OR "Disabled Persons"[Title/Abstract] OR sequel[Title/Abstract] OR disabilit[Title/Abstract] OR "international classification of functioning"[Title/Abstract])
SciELO	(ti:(traffic accident* OR traffic collision* OR traffic crashes* OR acidente transito) AND (consequences OR injuries OR wounds OR "Trauma Severity Indices") OR ("Disabled Persons" OR sequel OR disabilit*) OR ("international classification of functioning")

Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
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Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
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Leijdesdorff et al.⁸⁷87. Leijdesdorff HA, van Dijck JTJM, Krijnen P, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLAM, Schipper IB. Injury pattern, hospital triage, and mortality of 1250 patients with severe traumatic brain injury caused by road traffic accidents. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(5): 459-65. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3111 https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3111... Netherlands, 2014	1,250	Traumatic brain injury, contusion, skull fractures, hemorrhaging	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
León et al.⁸⁸88. León AL, Ascuntar-Tello J, Valderrama-Molina CO, Giraldo ND, Constaín A, Puerta A, et al. Grouping of body areas affected in traffic accidents. A cohort study. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2017.11.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2017.11.0... Colombia, 2018	2,445	Injuries to head/neck/cervical spine, face, chest/thoracic spine, abdomen/lumbar spine, limbs/pelvis, external areas	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.⁸⁹89. Littleton SM, Cameron ID, Poustie SJ, Hughes DC, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, et al. The association of compensation on longer term health status for people with musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes: emergency department inception cohort study. Injury. 2011;42(9):927-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.02.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.02... Australia, 2011	95	Musculoskeletal injuries to neck, chest, upper/lower limbs, back, shoulder	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.⁹⁰90. Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Poustie SJ, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, Smith PN, et al. The influence of fault on health in the immediate post-crash period following road traffic crashes. Injury. 2012;43(9):1586-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03... Australia, 2012	193	Soft tissue injuries, fractures, abrasions and lacerations	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.⁹¹91. Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Poustie SJ, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, Smith PN, et al. An early intervention programme had no detectable influence on the health status of people with musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes: comparative study. Injury. 2014;45(1):304-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.06.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.06... Australia, 2014	95/98	Musculoskeletal injuries, being mild injuries	Case-control	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.⁹²92. Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Gopinath B, Robinson BJ, Poustie SJ, Smith PN, et al. The health status of people claiming compensation for musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes is not altered by an early intervention programme: a comparative study. Injury. 2014;45(9):1493-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05... Australia, 2014	96/98	Musculoskeletal injuries to the neck, chest, back, lower/upper limbs, shoulder	Case-control	Questionnaire	100
Mahajan et al.⁹³93. Mahajan N, Aggarwal M, Raina S, Verma LR, Mazta SR, Gupta BP. Pattern of non-fatal injuries in road traffic crashes in a hilly area: A study from Shimla, North India. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2013;3(3):190-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.119198 https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.119198... India, 2013	401	Fractures, abdominal injuries, abrasions and bruises, lacerations and open wounds	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Mahdian et al.⁹⁴94. Mahdian M, Sehat M, Fazel MR, Moraveji A, Mohammadzadeh M. Epidemiology of urban traffic accident victims hospitalized more than 24 hours in a level III trauma center, Kashan County, Iran, during 2012-2013. Arch Trauma Res. 2015;4(2):e28465. https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.4 (2)2015.28465 https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.4 (2)2015.28... Iran, 2015	1.723	Traumatic brain injury, injuries to the head, vertebrae, chest, upper and lower limbs, abdomen	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Mahdian et al.⁹⁵95. Mahdian M, Fazel MR, Sehat M, Khosravi G, Mohammadzadeh M. Epidemiological profile of extremity fractures and dislocations in road traffic accidents in Kashan, Iran: a glance at the related disabilities. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017;5(3):186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5466864/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... Iran, 2017	962	Polytrauma, fractures and dislocations of extremities	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Mai et al.⁹⁶96. Mai HT, Vu HM, Ngo TT, Vu GT, Nguyen HLT, Hoang MT, et al. The status of first aid and its associations with health outcomes among patients with traffic accidents in urban areas of Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124600 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124600... Vietnam, 2020	413	Problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities and pain/discomfort	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Majdan et al.⁹⁷97. Majdan M, Mauritz W, Wilbacher I, Janciak I, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, et al. Traumatic brain injuries caused by traffic accidents in five European countries: outcome and public health consequences. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(4):682-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks074 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks074... Austria, 2013	683	Traumatic brain injury, injuries to the abdomen, extremities, face, head and neck, chest	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Malta et al.⁹⁸98. Malta DC, Andrade SSCA, Gomes N, Silva MMA, Morais Neto OL, Reis AAC, et al. Injuries from traffic accidents and use of protection equipment in the Brazilian population, according to a population-based study. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(2):399-409. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.23742015 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212... Brazil, 2016	60,202	Bodily injury, complications, disabilities	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Meredith et al.⁹⁹99. Meredith L, Kovaceva J, Bálint A. Mapping fractures from traffic accidents in Sweden: How do cyclists compare to other road users? Traffic Inj Prev. 2020;21(3):209-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1724979 https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.17... Sweden, 2020	284	Fractures of the forearm, clavicle and tibia/fibula, hand, vertebrae and humerus	Case-control	STRADA and SFR	81.8
Mesquita Filho¹⁰⁰100. Mesquita Filho M. Quality of life and self-esteem in traffic victims in physical therapy. Fisioter Mov. 2016;29(4):703-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.AO06 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.00... Brazil, 2016	196	Low elf-esteem and quality of life	Cross-sectional	WHOQOL-BREF	81.8
Meyyappan et al.¹⁰¹101. Meyyappan A, Subramani P, Kaliamoorthy S. A comparative data analysis of 1835 road traffic accident victims. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2018;8(2):214-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_135_18 https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_135_18... India, 2018	1,835	Traumatic brain injury, maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue injuries	Retrospective case-control	Questionnaire	81.8
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Mohtasham-Amiri et al.¹⁰²102. Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Dastgiri S, Davoudi-Kiakalyeh A, Imani A, Mollarahimi K. An epidemiological study of road traffic accidents in Guilan Province, Northern Iran in 2012. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2016;4(4):230-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118576/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... Iran, 2016	7,671	Multiple injuries to upper and lower extremities, head and neck, abdomen and pelvis, spine, face	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Monchal et al.¹⁰³103. Monchal T, Ndiaye A, Gadegbeku B, Javouhey E, Monneuse O. Abdominopelvic injuries due to road traffic accidents: Characteristics in a registry of 162,695 victims. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(5):529-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1447669 https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.14... France, 2018	10,165	Injuries to the abdomen, pelvic, diaphragm	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Ngunde et al.¹⁰⁴104. Ngunde PJ, Akongnwi ACN, Mefire CA, Puis F, Gounou E, Nkfusai NC, et al. Prevalence and pattern of lower extremity injuries due to road traffic crashes in Fako Division, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;32:53. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.32.53.17514 https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.32.53... Camaroon, 2019	197	Lower limb injuries, fractures, lacerations and bruises/hematomas	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Nhac-Vu et al.¹⁰⁵105. Nhac-Vu HT, Hours M, Charnay P, Chossegros L, Boisson D, Luauté J, et al. Predicting self-reported recovery one year after major road traffic accident trauma. J Rehabil Med. 2011; 43(9):776-82. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0854 https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0854... France, 2011	276	Serious injuries to the lower limbs and head	Cohort	Questionnaire	95.5
Nóbrega et al.¹⁰⁶106. Nóbrega LM, Cavalcante GMS, Lima MMSM, Madruga RCR, Ramos-Jorge ML, d'Avila S. Prevalence of facial trauma and associated factors in victims of road traffic accidents. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(11):1382-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.08.054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.08.0... Brazil, 2014	2,570	Maxillofacial injuries, fractures of the mandible, maxilla, zygoma, dentoalveolar and dental injuries	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Nogami et al.¹⁰⁷107. Nogami S, Yamauchi K, Morishima H, Otake Y, Kouketsu A, Higuchi K, et al. Mandible fractures and dental injuries related to road traffic accidents over a 12-year period-retrospective multicentre study. Dent Traumatol. 2021;37(2):223-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12614 https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12614... Japan, 2020	99	Maxillofacial injuries, fractures of the mandible, maxilla, zygoma, dentoalveolar and dental injuries	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Okamoto et al.¹⁰⁸108. Okamoto Y, Morikawa S, Okamoto F, Mitamura Y, Ishikawa H, Ueda T, et al. Traffic accident-related open globe injuries. Retina. 2019;39(4):779-85. https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002012 https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.000000000000... Japan, 2019	14	Open globe injuries, rupture and laceration	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Paiva et al.¹⁰⁹109. Paiva L, Monteiro DAT, Pompeo DA, Ciol MA, Dantas RAS, Rossi LA. Readmissions due to traffic accidents at a general hospital. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2015;23(4):693-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0242.2623 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0242.2... Brazil, 2015	109	Polytrauma, injuries to limbs, skull, abdomen, chest, spine, face	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Pajediene et al.¹¹⁰110. Pajediene E, Janusauskaite J, Samusyte G, Stasaitis K, Petrikonis K, Bileviciute-Ljungar I. Patterns of acute whiplash-associated disorder in the Lithuanian population after road traffic accidents. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47(1):52-7. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1892 https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1892... Lithuania, 2015	71	Musculoskeletal injury to the neck and shoulder	Cohort	QTFQ, DRI, CFQ, HADS	90.9
Palmera-Suárez et al.¹¹¹111. Palmera-Suárez R, López-Cuadrado T, Almazán-Isla J, Fernández-Cuenca R, Alcalde-Cabero E, Galán I. Disability related to road traffic crashes among adults in Spain. Gac Sanit. 2015;29(Suppl 1):43-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.01.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.01... Spain, 2015	443	Changes in mobility, home life, self-care, vision, hearing, communication, interactions and interpersonal relationships, learning	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
Palmera-Suárez et al.¹¹²112. Palmera-Suárez R, López-Cuadrado T, Brockhaus S, Fernández-Cuenca R, Alcalde-Cabero E, Galán I. Severity of disability related to road traffic crashes in the Spanish adult population. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;91:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.02... Spain, 2016	443	Communication problems, general tasks and demands, interactions and interpersonal relationships	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
Pan et al.⁵5. Pan RH, Chang NT, Chu D, Hsu KF, Hsu YN, Hsu JC, et al. Epidemiology of orthopedic fractures and other injuries among inpatients admitted due to traffic accidents: a 10-year nationwide survey in Taiwan. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:637872. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/637872 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/637872... Taiwan, 2014	653,386	Skull, upper and lower limb, spine and trunk fractures, contusion, head, neck and trunk injury, lower limb	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Papadakaki et al.¹¹³113. Papadakaki M, Ferraro OE, Orsi C, Otte D, Tzamalouka G, von-der-Geest M, et al. Psychological distress and physical disability in patients sustaining severe injuries in road traffic crashes: Results from a one-year cohort study from three European countries. Injury. 2017;48(2):297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.11... Greece, 2017	93	Fractures to the head, face, chest, abdomen, spine, lower and upper extremities	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Parreira et al.¹¹⁴114. Parreira JG, Gregorut F, Perlingeiro JAG, Solda SC, Assef JC. Análise comparativa entre as lesões encontradas em motociclistas envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito e vítimas de outros mecanismos de trauma fechado. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2012;58(1):76-81. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302012000100018 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-4230201200... Brazil, 2012	924	Extradural, acute subdural, subarachnoid hematomas, facial fractures, brain contusion, injuries to the extremities, fractures to the upper and lower limbs and severe injuries to the extremities, spinal cord trauma, rib fractures	Retrospective case-control	Questionnaire	81.8
Pathak et al.¹¹⁵115. Pathak SM, Jindal AK, Verma AK, Mahen A. An epidemio-logical study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India. 2014;70(1):32-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.04.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.04.... India, 2014	182	Serious injuries, soft tissue injuries, lower limb fractures	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Pietzka et al.¹¹⁶116. Pietzka S, Kämmerer PW, Pietzka S, Schramm A, Lampl L, Lefering R, et al. Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients after road traffic accidents-a retrospective evaluation of the TraumaRegister DGU ® 1993-2014. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(1):503-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03024-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03024... Germany, 2020	12,613	Maxillofacial injuries, and to eyes, mouth and ear, neurocranium, cervical spine	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Rastović et al.¹¹⁷117. Rastovic P, Gojanovic MD, Peric I, Pavlovic M, Lesko J, Galic G, et al. Anthropometric characteristics and traffic accident circumstances of patients with isolated whiplash injury in University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Med Glas (Zenica). 2018;15(1):59-65. https://doi.org/10.17392/918-18 https://doi.org/10.17392/918-18... Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2018	75	Isolated neck injury, whiplash injury	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Reiniger et al.¹¹⁸118. Reiniger LO, Sousa RMC, Nogueira LS, Costa ALS. Vítimas de ocorrência de trânsito submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos: características e intercorrências transoperatórias. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(Esp):58-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342012000700009 https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-6234201200... Brazil, 2012	69	General, neurological, thoracic, orthopedic, vascular surgery	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Roccia et al.¹¹⁹119. Roccia F, Sotong J, Savoini M, Ramieri G, Zavattero E. Maxillofacial injuries due to traffic accidents. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(4):e288-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005158 https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.000000000000... Italy, 2019	605	Maxillofacial and face fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Seid et al.¹²⁰120. Seid M, Azazh A, Enquselassie F, Yisma E. Injury characteristics and outcome of road traffic accident among victims at adult emergency department of Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective hospital based study. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-015-0035-4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-015-0035-... Ethiopia, 2015	230	Fractures and open wounds in lower and upper limbs and skull, and spine, rib, clavicle and pelvis fractures	Prospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Shamim¹²¹121. Shamim M. Pattern of Injuries from road traffic accidents presented at a rural teaching institution of Karachi. Indian J Surg. 2017;79(4):332-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-017-1605-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-017-1605-... Pakistan, 2017	385	Abrasions, lacerations, fractures, contusions and bruises	Prospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Vahdati et al.¹²²122. Vahdati SS, GhafarZad A, Rahmani F, Panahi F, Rad AO. Patterns of road traffic accidents in north west of Iran during 2013 New Year holidays: complications and casualties. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2014;2(2):82-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771298/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... Iran, 2014	181	Polytrauma, fractures of limbs, skull, brain contusion, traumatic brain injury and rupture of the viscera	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Singh et al.¹²³123. Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta SC, Kumar Y. Pattern, severity and circumtances of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents: a tertiary care hospital-based study. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(1):30-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.126353 https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.126353... India, 2014	347	Injuries to extremities, maxillofacial, bruises, lacerations	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Tahir et al.¹²⁴124. Tahir N, Naseer R, Khan SM, Macassa G, Hashmi W, Durrani M. Road traffic crashes managed by Rescue 1122 in Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2012;19(4):347-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.628755 https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.62... Pakistan, 2012	132,504	Abrasions	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Terrier et al.¹²⁵125. Terrier JE, Paparel P, Gadegbeku B, Ruffion A, Jenkins LC, N'Diaye A. Genitourinary injuries after traffic accidents: Analysis of a registry of 162,690 victims. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(6):1087-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001448 https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001... France, 2017	963	Genitourinary, renal, testicular injuries	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Wangdi et al.¹²⁶126. Wangdi C, Gurung MS, Duba T, Wilkinson E, Tun ZM, Tripathy JP. Burden, pattern and causes of road traffic accidents in Bhutan, 2013-2014: a police record review. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2018;25(1):65-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.1341930 https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.13... Bhutan, 2018	1,143	Human (careless driving, drunk), environmental (road conditions) and vehicle mechanical factors	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Woyessa et al.¹²⁷127. Woyessa AH, Heyi WD, Ture NH, Moti BK. Patterns of road traffic accident, nature of related injuries, and post-crash outcome determinants in western Ethiopia - A hospital based study. Afr J Emerg Med. 2021;11(1):123-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.... Ethiopia, 2020	286	Multiple injuries, visceral; bone fractures, head and chest	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Yang et al.¹²⁸128. Yang CS, Chen SCC, Yang YC, Huang LC, Guo HR, Yang HY. Epidemiology and patterns of facial fractures due to road traffic accidents in Taiwan: A 15-year retrospective study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2017;18(7):724-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1309650 https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.13... Taiwan, 2017	3.318	Nasal, jaw, maxillary, orbital fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3

Components/Chapters	ICF code	n (%)
Body functions	-	85 (13.0)
Mental	b110-b199	15 (17.6)
Sensory functions and pain	b210-b299	16 (18.8)
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems	b410-b499	1 (1.2)
Genitourinary and reproductive	b610-b699	2 (2.4)
Neuromusculoskeletal	b710-b799	21 (24.7)
Skin and related structures	b810-b869	30 (35.3)
Body structures	-	536 (82.1)
Structures of nervous system	s110-s199	20 (3.7)
Eye, ear and related structures	s210-s299	13 (2.4)
Nose	s310-s399	10 (1.9)
Structures of cardiovascular, immunologic and respiratory systems	s410-s499	10 (1.9)
Structures related to digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems	s510-s599	1 (0.2)
Structures related to genitourinary and reproductive system	s610-s699	6 (1.1)
Structures related to movement	s710-s799	467 (87.1)
Skin	s810-s899	9 (1.7)
Activities and participation	-	29 (4.4)
Learning and applying knowledge	d110-d199	1 (3.4)
General tasks and demands	d210-d299	8 (27.6)
Communication	d310-d399	3 (10.3)
Mobility	d410-d499	8 (27.6)
Self-care	d510-d599	2 (6.9)
Domestic life	d610-d649	1 (3.4)
Interpersonal interactions and relationships	d710-d749	3 (10.3)
Major life areas	d810-d899	3 (10.3)
Environmental factors	-	3 (0.5)
Natural environment and human-made changes to environment	e210-e299	1 (33.3)
Services, systems and policies	e510-e599	2 (66.7)

ICF component	Category	Description of category
Body functions	b152	Emotional functions
	b280	Sensation of pain
	b710	Functions related to joint mobility
	b715	Functions related to joint stability
	b820	Skin repair functions
Body structures	s110	Structure of brain
	s220	Structure of eyeball
	s310	Structure of nose
	s320	Structure of mouth
	s710	Structure of head and neck region
	s720	Structure of shoulder region
	s730	Structure of upper extremity
	s740	Structure of region
	s750	Structure of lower extremity
	s760	Structure of trunk
	s770	Additional movement-related musculoskeletal structures
	s810	Structures of skin areas
Activities and participation	d240	Dealing with stress and other psychological demands

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[1] *Correspondence: flaviagdd@gmail.com