Barnes et al.3434. Barnes MA, Krasnow D, Tupling SJ, Thomas M. Knee rotation in classical dancers during the Grand Plié. Med Probl Perform Art. 2000;15(4):140-7.
|
14 |
17-34 |
14/- |
Kinemetry: 3D technology and analyses. |
Bennell et al.3535. Bennell K, Khan KM, Matthews B, et al. Hip and ankle range of motion and hip muscle strength in young novice female ballet dancers and controls. Br J Sport Med. 1999;33(5):340-6.
|
77 dancers; 63 non-dancers |
8-11 |
140/- |
Inclinometer; turnout protractor. |
Bennell et al.3636. Bennell KL, Khan KM, Matthews BL, Singleton C. Changes in hip and ankle range of motion and hip muscle strength in 8-11 year old novice female ballet dancers and controls: a 12 month follow up study. Br J Sport Med. 2001;35(1):54-9. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.35.1.54 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.1.54...
|
53 dancers; 40 non-dancers |
8-11 |
93/- |
Inclinometer; turnout protractor. |
Bronner et al.3737. Bronner S, Ojofeitimi S. Pelvis and hip three-dimensional kinematics in grand battement movements. J Dance Med Sci. 2011;15(1):23-30.
|
17 |
18-27 |
10/7 |
Kinemetry: 5-camera motion capture system |
Champion et al.3838. Champion L, Chatfield S. Measurement of turnout in dance research: a critical review. J Dance Med Sci. 2008;12(4):121-35.
|
Review article: 24 published articles that reported original turnout measurement methods in dancers |
Standard goniometer; modified goniometer with a level; inclinometer; Dupuis Tropometer; original protractor; photos of the subjects standing on pedal free of feet friction; flexibility test: Nicholas lower extremity tourniquet; fleximeter. |
Cimelli et al.1313. Cimelli SN, Curran SA. Influence of turnout on foot posture and its relationship to overuse musculoskeletal injury in professional contemporary dancers: a preliminary investigation. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012;102(1):25-33. doi: 10.7547/1020025 https://doi.org/10.7547/1020025...
|
12 |
21-36 |
5/7 |
Clinical outlying/drawing of the feet. |
Coplan et al.2121. Coplan JA. Ballet dancer’s turnout and its relationship to self-reported injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002;32(11):579-84. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.11.579 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2002.32.11...
|
30 |
16-50 |
27/3 |
Goniometer; subject standing on a piece of paper in the 1st ballet feet position. |
Filipa et al.3939. Filipa AR, Smith TR, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test predicts functional turnout angle in pre-pubescent female dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2013;17(4):165-9. doi:10.12678/1089-313X.17.4.165 https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.17.4....
|
10 |
5-9 |
10/- |
Subject standing on a piece of paper. |
Gilbert at al.4040. Gilbert CB, Gross MT, Klug KB. Relationship between hip external rotation and turnout angle for the five classical ballet positions. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(5):339-47. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1998.27.5.339 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.5....
|
20 |
11-14 |
20/- |
Universal goniometer. |
Girón et al.4141. Girón EC, McIssac T, Nilsen D. Effects of kinesthetic versus visual imagery practice on two technical dance movements: a pilot study. J Dance Med Sci. 2012;16(1);36-8.
|
3 |
Mean: 19.7 |
3/- |
Kinemetry: 8-camera three-dimensional optical motion capture system. |
Grossman et al.4242. Grossman G, Waninger KN, Voloshin A, Reinus WR, Ross R, Stoltzfuz J, et al. Reliability and validity of goniometric turnout measurements compared with MRI and retro-reflective markers. J Dance Med Sci. 2008;12(4):142-52.
|
14 |
Age: 10 |
14/- |
Rotational disks; magnetic resonance; goniometer. |
Hamilton et al.4343. Hamilton D, Aronsen P, Løken J, Berg IM, Skotheim R, Hopper D, et al. Dance training intensity at 11-14 years in associated with femoral torsion in classical ballet dancers. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(4):299-303. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020941 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.020941...
|
64 |
14-25 |
64/- |
Digital electronic inclinometer; subject standing on a piece of paper. |
Iunes et al.4444. Iunes DH, Elias IF, Carvalho LC, Dionísio VC. Postural adjustments in young ballet dancers compared to age matched controls. Phys Ther Sport. 2016;17:51-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.04.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.04.0...
|
52 dancers; 59 non-dancers |
7-24 |
111/- |
Photos |
Khan et al.2222. Khan K, Roberts P, Nattrass C, Bennell K, Mayes S, Way S, et al. Hip and ankle range of motion in elite classical ballet dancers and controls. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7(3):174-9. doi: 10.1097/00042752-199707000-00004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-1997070...
|
66 dancers; 47 non-dancers |
F - Mean: 16.9; M - Mean: 18 |
Dancers: 36/30; Non-dancers: 31/16 |
Goniometer; turnout protractor. |
Khan et al.4545. Khan KM, Bennell K, Ng S, Matthews B, Roberts P, Nuttrass C, Way S, et al. Can 16-18-year-old elite ballet dancers improve their hip and ankle range of motion over a 12-month period? Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10(2):98-103.doi: 10.1097/00042752-200004000-00003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-2000040...
|
48 |
16-18 |
28/20 |
Goniometer; turnout protractor. |
Khoo Summers et al.4646. Khoo-Summers LC, Prather H, Hunt DM, Van Dillen. Predictors of first position turnout in collegiate dancers: the role of tibiofemoral esternal rotation and hip external rotation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92(2):136-42. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182465dff https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318246...
|
23 |
18-21 |
23/- |
Universal goniometer; subject standing on a piece of paper in the 1st ballet feet position. |
Kushner et al.1616. Kushner S, Saboe L, Reid D, Penrose T, Grace M. Relationship of turnout to hip abduction in professional ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(3):286-91. doi: 10.1177/036354659001800312 https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546590018003...
|
22 |
F - mean: 19.4; M - mean: 24 |
14/8 |
Goniometer. |
Lin et al.4747. Lin CF, Lee IJ, Liao JH, Wu HW, Su FC. Comparison of postural stability between injured and uninjured ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(6):1324-31. doi: 10.1177/0363546510393943 https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510393943...
|
22 dancers; 11 non-dancers |
Injured dancers - mean: 19.7; dancers without injury - mean: 18.8; non-dancers - mean: 20 |
33/- |
Goniometer; subject standing on a piece of paper in the 1st and 5th ballet feet position. |
Merkensteijn et al.4848. van Merkensteijn GG, Quin E. Assessment of compensated turnout characteristics and their relationship to injuries in university level modern dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2015;19(2):57-62. doi: 10.12678/1089-313X.19.2.57 https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.19.2....
|
22 |
19-23 |
20/2 |
Goniometer; subject standing on a piece of paper in the 1st ballet feet position. |
Negus11. Negus V, Hopper D, Briffa NK. Associations between turnout and lower extremity injuries in classical ballet dancers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(5):307-18. doi:10.2519/jospt.2005.35.5.307 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.35.5....
|
29 |
15-22 |
24/5 |
Goniometer; subject standing on a piece of paper. |
Pata et al.4949. Pata D, Welsh T, Bailey J, Range V. Improving turnout in university dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2014;18(4):169-77. doi: 10.12678/1089-313X.18.4.169 https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.18.4....
|
6 |
Not informed |
6/- |
Rotational discs; filming of the subject performing a sequence to the right and left sides. |
Sherman et al.5050. Sherman A, Mayall E, Tasker S. Can a prescribed turnout conditioning program reduce the differential between passive and active turnout in preprofessional dancers? J Dance Med Sci. 2014;18(4):159-68. doi: 10.12678/1089-313X.18.4.159. https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.18.4....
|
16 |
13-17 |
16/- |
Articulated goniometer; Dasco Pro Angle Finder; subject standing on a piece of paper in the 1st ballet feet position; rotational discs. |
Shippen5252. Shippen J. Turnout is an Euler angle. Arts Biomechanics. 2011;1(1):33-43. (2011) |
10 |
18-28 |
10/- |
Kinemetry: 12-cameras 3-dimensional optical tracking system MX40. |
Sutton-Traina et al.5151. Sutton-Traina K, Smith JA, Jarvis DN, Lee SP, Kulig K. Exploring active and passive contributors to turnout in dancers and non-dancers. Med Probl Perform Art. 2015;30(2):78-83.
|
23 dancers; 13 non-dancers |
18-30 |
36/- |
Rotational discs; Goniometer. |
Welsh et al.2020. Welsh RTM, Rodriguez M, Beare LW, Barton B, Judge T. Assessing turnout in university dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2008;12(4):136-41.
|
17 |
18-32 |
Not informed |
Subject standing on a withe board; rotational discs. |