Auchincloss and McLean, 20091111. Auchincloss C, McLean L. The reliability of surface EMG recorded from the pelvic floor muscles. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;182(1):85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.05.027
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009....
)
|
Vaginal: Periform and FemiScan |
One MVC and maximal effort cough. |
The signals were preamplified using a Delsys™ DE-2.1 Sensor for active electrode amplifiers (200×) before final amplification using Delsys™ AMT-8 amplifiers [common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)=90 dB at 60 Hz, bandwidth of 20-450 Hz, input impedance>1015 Ω] to produce an overall gain of 1000. |
No |
Botelho et al., 201333. Botelho S, Pereira LC, Marques J, Lanza AH, Amorim CF, Palma P, et al. Is there correlation between electromyography and digital palpation as means of measuring pelvic floor muscle contractility in nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum women? Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(5):420-3. doi: 10.1002/nau.22321
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321...
)
|
Vaginal: PhysioMed Services |
Three 5-s MVCs with 10-s rest. |
Band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies at 20-500 Hz, an amplifier gain of 1,000 times and a CMRR>120 dB. A 12-bit A/D signal converter plate was used, to convert analog signals into digital ones with a 2.0 kHz anti-aliasing filter sampling frequency, with an input range of 5 mN. |
No |
Chen et al., 20091212. Chen HL, Lin YC, Chien WJ, Huang WC, Lin HY, Chen PL. The effect of ankle position on pelvic floor muscle contraction activity in women. J Urol. 2009;181(3):1217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.151
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.1...
)
|
Vaginal: FemiScan |
One contraction standing and one contraction in eight different positions of the ankle joint. |
No description. |
No |
Devreese et al., 20071313. Devreese A, Staes F, Janssens L, Penninckx F, Vereecken R, de Weerdt W. Incontinent women have altered pelvic floor muscle contraction patterns. J Urol. 2007;178(2):558-62. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.097
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.0...
)
|
Vaginal: No description |
Supine + knees flexed, supine + knees straight, sit leaning forward, sit upright, stand leaning forward and stand upright: 2-min rest preceded by a MVC for 6 s. The onset of increased activity was defined as any muscle activity with a minimum amplitude of a sliding window of 25 ms exceeding resting EMG by 2 SD. |
Band-pass filter of 10 to 500 Hz. Data were sampled by a 12- bit analog-to-digital converter at a rate of 1,000 samples per second, stored on a computer, full-wave rectified and low-pass filtered at 50 Hz to smooth the data. |
No |
Frederice et al., 20131414. Frederice CP, Amaral E, Ferreira NO. Urinary symptoms and pelvic floor muscle function during the third trimester of pregnancy in nulliparous women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(1):188-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01962.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012...
)
|
Vaginal: Miotec |
Basal tone at rest, one contraction with 1-min rest, MVC (highest of 3 contractions), and one 10-s contraction. |
No description. |
No |
Grape et al., 20091515. Grape HH, Dedering A, Jonasson AF. Retest reliability of surface electromyography on the pelvic floor muscles. Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28(5):395-9. doi: 10.1002/nau.20648
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20648...
)
|
Vaginal: FemiScan |
Three series of contractions with 10-s sustenance and 10-s rest. |
A band-pass filter of 8 to 500 Hz (3 dB points) and a low-pass filter of 500 Hz was used. The signal was sampled at 10 Hz after full-wave rectification. |
No |
Halski et al., 20131616. Halski T, Slupska L, Dymarek R, Bartnicki J, Halska U, Król A, et al. Evaluation of bioelectrical activity of pelvic floor muscles and synergistic muscles depending on orientation of pelvis in menopausal women with symptoms of stress urinary incontinence: a preliminary observational study. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:[8 p.]. doi: 10.1155/2014/274938
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/274938...
)
|
Vaginal: Periprobe Optima 3 |
Standing position: five contractions with 5-s rest between each contraction (resting activity). |
This device is characterized by a continuous amplitude of 0.2-2000 µVRMS in the frequency band of 2-100 Hz and pulse-width modulation from 50-450 µS for signals recorded generated by muscles. Device sensitivity is established at a level of 0.1 µV (4% accuracy; readings ±0.3 mV at 200 Hz), with selectable band-pass filter (3 dB bandwidth) and 50 Hz notch filter (33 dB; 0.1% accuracy). |
No |
Halski et al., 20141717. Halski T, Ptaszkowski K, Slupska L, Dymarek R. The evaluation of bioelectrical activity of pelvic floor muscles depending on probe location: a pilot study. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:[7 p.]. doi: 10.1155/2013/238312
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/238312...
)
|
Vaginal: Lifecare PR-02 Vaginal Probe |
EMG activity was recorded with the pelvis rotated forward (P1) and backward (P2) around the transverse axis. In P1 and P2, the participants made five 5-s MVCs (functional sEMG activity) with a 5-s rest (resting sEMG activity). They took 60 s of rest between trials. |
Analog output gain: x1000 standard (5000 selected units); minimum CMRR: 100 dB at 50-60 Hz; input impedance>100 MΩ on sEMG channels (isolated to>3000 V; sEMG amplifier performance: 1 µV sensitivity and <1 µVRMS baseline noise; data acquisition: 8 channels of 12-bit resolution, and USB update to PC every millisecond; cutoff of high-pass filter: 10 Hz first-order filter on sEMG channels; selectable low-pass cutoff of 500 or 1000 Hz on sEMG channels. |
No |
Junginger et al., 20101818. Junginger B, Baessler K, Sapsford R, Hodges PW. Effect of abdominal and pelvic floor tasks on muscle activity, abdominal pressure and bladder neck. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21(1):69-77. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0981-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-009-0981-...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
One 5-s MVC with 30- to 120-s rest. |
EMG data were amplified 2,000 times, bandpass-filtered between 10 Hz to 1 kHz and sampled at 2 kHz. |
Yes |
Lauper et al., 20091919. Lauper M, Kuhn A, Gerber R, Luginbühl H, Radlinger L. Pelvic floor stimulation: what are the good vibrations? Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28(5):405-10. doi: 10.1002/nau.20669
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20669...
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|
Vaginal: Periform |
PFM activity at rest and in 5-s MVC. |
The EMG was sampled at a rate of 1 kHz, the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter (Butterworth, 24dB/Oct.) was set at 500 Hz. Expecting vibration artifacts in the EMG, no high-pass filter was applied to detect the fundamental frequency of vibration as well as the harmonic content in the EMG signal. |
Yes |
Luginbuehl et al., 20122020. Luginbuehl H, Lehmann C, Gerber R, Kuhn A, Hilfiker R, Baeyens JP, et al. Continuous versus intermittent stochastic resonancewhole body vibration and its effect on pelvic floor muscle activity. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(5):683-7. doi: 10.1002/nau.21251
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.21251...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
Orthostatism: PFM activity at rest and two 5-s MVCs with 60-s rest. |
The EMG signal was transmitted to a measurement amplifier (UMVE, uk-labs). The cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter was set at 500 Hz to avoid aliasing in accordance with the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. |
Yes |
Pereira et al., 20132121. Pereira LC, Botelho S, Marques J, Amorim CF, Lanza AH, Palma P, et al. Are transversus abdominis/oblique internal and pelvic floor muscles coactivated during pregnancy and postpartum? Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(5):416-9. doi: 10.1002/nau.22315
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22315...
)
|
Vaginal: PHYSIOMED Services |
Three 5-s MVCs with 10-s rest |
Band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies at 20-500 Hz, an amplifier gain of 1,000 and a CMRR>120 dB. A 12-bit A/D signal converting plate was used to convert analog signals to digital ones with a 2.0 kHz anti-aliasing filter sampling frequency, with an input range of 5 mn. |
No |
Petricelli et al., 20142222. Petricelli CD, Resende AP, Elito Júnior J, Araujo Júnior E, Alexandre SM, Zanetti MR, et al. Distensibility and strength of the pelvic floor muscles of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:[6 p.]. doi: 10.1155/2014/437867
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/437867...
)
|
Vaginal: Cone-shaped intravaginal sensor (Chattanooga Group) |
Three MVCs followed by relaxation (10 s). The best of the three contractions was selected for the study. |
This is a signal processer with band-pass filters, cutoff frequencies of 20-500 Hz, instrumentation preamplifier (20-fold gain), differential amplifier with bipolar input, and CMRR>100 dB. |
No |
Resende et al., 20122323. Resende AP, Petricelli CD, Bernardes BT, Alexandre SM, Nakamura MU, Zanetti MR. Electromyographic evaluation of pelvic floor muscles in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23(8):1041-5. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1702-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-012-1702-...
)
|
Vaginal: Chattanooga Group |
Two contractions sustained for 5 s with 30-s rest. The best of the contractions was considered as the MVC. |
Band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies at 20-500 Hz, an amplifier gain of 1,000, and a CMRR>120 dB and a 12-bit analog-to-digital signal converting plate with a 2.0 kHz anti-aliasing filter sampling frequency for each channel was used. |
No |
Resende et al., 20112424. Resende AP, Zanetti MR, Petricelli CD, Castro RA, Alexandre SM, Nakamura MU. Effects of the Paula method in electromyographic activation of the pelvic floor: a comparative study. Int Urogynecol J. 2011;22(6):677-80. doi: 10.1007/s00192-010-1331-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-010-1331-...
)
|
Vaginal: Chattanooga Group |
Three 30-s MVCs. The best of the 3 contractions was used for the analysis. |
Band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies at 20-500 Hz, an amplifier gain of 1,000 and a CMRR>120 dB and an A/D 12-bit analog-to-digital signal converting plate with a 2.0 kHz anti-aliasing filter for each channel and an input range of 5 mV was used. |
No |
Sapsford et al., 20082525. Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Maher CF, Hodges PW. Pelvic floor muscle activity in different sitting postures in continent and incontinent women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(9):1741-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.0...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
PFM activity was conducted for 10 s in 3 different sitting postures: slump supported, upright unsupported, and very tall unsupported. |
EMG data were bandpass-filtered between 20 and 1000 Hz and sampled at 2 kHz using an AMLAB-based data acquisition system. |
No |
Smith et al., 20072626. Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Is balance different in women with and without stress urinary incontinence? Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27(1):71-8. doi: 10.1002/nau.20476
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20476...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
EMG activity was recorded prior and subsequent to a postural perturbation in which a 1-kg weight was dropped 30 cm into a bucket held. Subjects were instructed to remain relaxed before loading and to catch the load when it contacted the bucket. In the first ten repetitions the subject held the switch and controlled the timing of the drop of the weight (expected condition). In the subsequent ten trials, subjects wore a blindfold and earplugs and the weight release was controlled by the researcher (unexpected condition). |
EMG data were amplified 2,000 times, band-pass filtered between 30 and 1,000 Hz, and sampled at 2,000 Hz. |
Yes |
Smith et al., 20082727. Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Postural response of the pelvic floor and abdominal muscles in women with and without incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):377-85. doi: 10.1002/nau.20336
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20336...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
Subjects stood on a force plate during six static balance conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, standing on foam with eyes open, standing on foam with eyes closed, tandem stance, and standing on a short base. |
EMG data were amplified 2,000 times, band-pass filtered between 30 and 1,000 Hz and sampled at 2,000 Hz. |
Yes |
Soljanik et al., 20122828. Soljanik I, Janssen U, May F, Fritsch H, Stief CG, Weissenbacher ER, et al. Functional interactions between the fossa ischioanalis, levatorani and gluteus maximus muscles of the female pelvic floor: a prospective study in nulliparous women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(4):931-8. doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2377-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-012-2377-...
)
|
Vaginal: VS0 2000, Haynl-Elektronik Corp. |
Six body positions: MVC sustained for 5 s and rest for 10 s, with 10-min rest between positions. |
The sEMG signal-processing unit consists of one portable analog-to-digital channel of an EMG unit operating at voltage between 0 and 100 V, band-pass filtered at 50 Hz. |
No |
Stüpp et al., 20112929. Stüpp L, Resende AP, Petricelli CD, Nakamura MU, Alexandre SM, Zanetti MR. Pelvic floor muscle and transversus abdominis activation in abdominal hypopressive technique through surface electromyography. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(8):1518-21. doi: 10.1002/nau.21151
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.21151...
)
|
Vaginal: Chattanooga Group |
Three 30-s MVCs. The best of the three contractions was used for the analysis. |
Band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies at 20-500 Hz, an amplifier gain of 1,000 and a CMRR>120 dB. An A/D 12-bit analog-to-digital signal converting plate with a 2.0 kHz anti-aliasing filter sampling frequency for each channel was used. The plate had an input range of 5 mV. |
No |
Thompson et al., 20063030. Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa NK, Neumann P. Altered muscle activation patterns in symptomatic women during pelvic floor muscle contraction and Valsalva manouevre. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(3):268-76. doi: 10.1002/nau.20183
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20183...
|
Vaginal: Periform |
One contraction for 3 s and a maximal straining Valsalva maneuver. The EMG activity was recorded for 3 s and repeated three times with 1-min rest. |
The gain setting was 2,000, and the signal was sampled at 1,000 Hz. The EMG raw data was reduced, rectified, band-pass filtered at 4-400 Hz using a fourth-order zero-lag Butterworth filter (National Instruments). |
Yes |
Thompson et al., 20063131. Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa NK, Neumann P. Differences in muscle activation patterns during pelvic floor muscle contraction and Valsalva maneuver. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(2):148-55. doi: 10.1002/nau.20203
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20203...
)
|
Vaginal: Periform |
One contraction for 3 s and a maximal straining Valsalva maneuver. The EMG activity was recorded for 3 s and repeated three times with 1-min rest. |
The amplifier gain was 2,000, and the signal was sampled at 1,000 Hz. The EMG raw data was reduced, rectified, band-pass filtered at 4-400 Hz using a fourth-order zero-lag Butterworth filter (National Instruments). |
Yes |
Zhang, 20063232. Zhang Q, Wang L, Zheng W. Surface electromyography of pelvic floor muscles in stress urinary incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;95(2):177-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.07.0...
)
|
Vaginal: FemiScan |
Four 5-s contractions preceded by 10-s relaxation. |
No description. |
No |
