Evaluation of the Main Variables that Influence the Sediment Connectivity Based on Applied Models

Oliveira, Warlen Librelon de; Nero, Marcelo Antonio; Macedo, Diego Rodrigues

doi:10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2024.196088.en

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Article • GEOUSP 28 (1) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2024.196088.en copy

Evaluation of the Main Variables that Influence the Sediment Connectivity Based on Applied Models

Evaluación de las principales variables que influyen en la conectividad de sedimentos basados en modelos aplicados

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The hydro-sedimentological connectivity index determines the degree of possibility that sediments from a given area reach a control point. To understand the dynamics that occur with sediments, the use of variables that represent the morphology and environmental conditions involved in space and time is necessary. This research proposed the analysis of models, identifying the main variables that explain the connectivity of sediments and observing their influences and frequency of use. Based on 35 specific articles that addressed sediment connectivity models, an important representativeness of the use of digital elevation models was found in 85% of the studies, emphasizing slope variables, drainage area, and land use and cover. Roughness was used only with tabulated data, despite being extremely important, thus being able to be an element to be detailed in new models.

Keywords:
Hydro-sedimentology; Connectivity Index; Hydro-sedimentological parameters; Hydro-sedimentological methods

Authors	Model	Definition	Borselli as reference*	Resolution	Applied variables	Group
(Asadi; Dastorani; Sidle, 2023ASADI, H.; DASTORANI, M. T.; SIDLE, R. C. Estimating index of sediment connectivity using a smart data-driven model. Journal of Hydrology, v. 620, Parte A, p. 129467, 2023. )	Application with Artificial Neural Networks	Application with Artificial Neural Networks with the use of CI (Borselli) for comparison	Applied	DEM 30m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Antecedent Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Course Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Topographic Factor, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Erodibility, Mean Elevation, Mean Slope Gradient, and Soil Surface Moisture	Geomorphological, hydrological, sedimentological, and land use and cover
(*Liu et al., 2022*LIU, W. et al. Evaluating sediment connectivity and its effects on sediment reduction in a catchment on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, v. 408, p. 115566, 2022. )	Adapted CI (Borselli) with inclusion of calculation of erosivity, erodibility, and land use and cover characteristics	Revised sediment connectivity index (RCI) incorporating the functional with the structural components of a sediment routing system	Applied	DEM 30m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Antecedent Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Course Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Topographic Factor, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Erodibility	Geomorphological, hydrological, sedimentological, and land use and cover
(*Zingaro et al., 2019*ZINGARO, M. et al. Sediment mobility and connectivity in a catchment: A new mapping approach. Science of the Total Environment, v. 672, p. 763-775, 2019)	Sediment Flow Connectivity Index (SCI)	Represents a sediment mobility gradient integrating functional aspects within the structural component	Cited	DEM 2m	Land use and cover, Soil, Precipitation, Slope, Roughness	Geomorphological, hydrological, and land use and cover
(López-Vicente; Ben-Salem, 2019LÓPEZ-VICENTE, M.; BEN-SALEM, N. Computing structural and functional flow and sediment connectivity with a new aggregated index: A case study in a large Mediterranean catchment. Science of the Total Environment, v. 651, p. 179-191, 2019. )	Aggregate Flow and Sediment Connectivity Index (ACI)	Represents the potential connectivity of flow and sediment considering temporal and spatial variation	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Antecedent Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Topographic Factor, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Erodibility, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, sedimentological, and land use and cover
(Turnbull; Wainwright, 2019TURNBULL, L.; WAINWRIGHT, J. From structure to function: Understanding shrub encroachment in drylands using hydrological and sediment connectivity. Ecological Indicators, v. 98, p. 608-618, Mar. 2019. )	Connectivity indicator	Quantifies the rate between functional and structural connectivity with surface runoff and sediment transport models	Cited	Not Informed	Precipitation, Erosivity, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Loss.	Geomorphological and hydrological
(Fressard; Cossart, 2019FRESSARD, M.; COSSART, E. A graph theory tool for assessing structural sediment connectivity: Development and application in the Mercurey vineyards (France). Science of the Total Environment, v. 651, p. 2566-2584, 2019. )	Connectivity indicator	Assesses structural sedimentological connectivity by residual flow index		DEM 20m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological
(*Mishra et al., 2019*MISHRA, K. et al. Towards the assessment of sediment connectivity in a large Himalayan river basin. Science of the Total Environment, v. 661, p. 251-265, 2019. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI) and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model	Evaluated the connectivity of sediments with a combination of models, comparing with observed data and highlighting the spatial variability with the structural dynamics of sediments	Applied	DEM 90m	Precipitation, Infiltration Rate, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Land Use and Cover, Suspended Solids, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, land use and cover, hydrological, and sedimentological
(Di Stefano; Ferro, 2019DI STEFANO, C.; FERRO, V. Assessing sediment connectivity in dendritic and parallel calanchi systems. Catena, v. 172, p. 647-654, Jan. 2019. )	Sediment Delivery Distributed (SEDD) model	Use of morphometric variables to evaluate sediment connectivity	Cited	DEM 2m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area	Geomorphological
(Cislaghi; Bischetti, 2019CISLAGHI, A.; BISCHETTI, G. B. Source areas, connectivity, and delivery rate of sediments in mountainous-forested hillslopes: A probabilistic approach. Science of the Total Environment, v. 652, p. 1168-1186, 2019. )	Method: PRIMULA PRobabilistIc MUltidimensional Landslide Analysis	Determined the probability of connectivity of sediment on slopes to the water body	Cited	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Land Use and Cover, Sediment Cohesion	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(*Llena et al., 2019*LLENA, M. et al. The effects of land use and topographic changes on sediment connectivity in mountain catchments. Science of the Total Environment, v. 660, p. 899-912, 2019. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI) and SfM-MVS algorithm	Understand the evolution of sediment connectivity associated with different land uses and topographic changes	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Land Use and Cover, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area	Geomorphological and land use and cover
(Mahoney; Fox; Al Aamery, 2018MAHONEY, D. T.; FOX, J. F.; AL AAMERY, N. Watershed erosion modeling using the probability of sediment connectivity in a gently rolling system. Journal of Hydrology, v. 561, p. 862-883, 2018. )	Probability of sediment connectivity	The sediment connectivity model is based on the probabilities of source intersection, sediment detachment, and transport integrated into a hydro-sedimentological modeling framework of watersheds.	Cited	DEM 9m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Land Use and Cover, Suspended Solids	Geomorphological, hydrological, and sedimentological
(Grauso; Pasanisi; Tebano, 2018GRAUSO, S.; PASANISI, F.; TEBANO, C. Assessment of a simplified connectivity index and specific sediment potential in river basins by means of geomorphometric tools. Geosciences (Switzerland), v. 8, n. 2, 2018. )	Simplified Connectivity Index (SCI)	Expresses the potential sediment transfer capacity available in a section of the river.	Cited	DEM 20m	Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Soil Loss	Geomorphological and sedimentological
(*Persichillo et al., 2018*PERSICHILLO, M. G. et al. The role of human activities on sediment connectivity of shallow landslides. Catena, v. 160, p. 261-274, Jan. 2018. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Analyzed the anthropic effects on landscape modifications from the influence resulting from sediment delivery	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(Rathburn; Shahverdian; Ryan, 2018RATHBURN, S. L.; SHAHVERDIAN, S. M.; RYAN, S. E. Post-disturbance sediment recovery: Implications for watershed resilience. Geomorphology, v. 305, p. 61-75, 2018. )	Resilience Index	Evaluate post-disturbance sediment recovery through resilience		Not Applied	Drainage length, Slope, Drainage Area, Sediment Density, Sediment Cohesion, Soil Loss	Sedimentological
(Zanandrea; Kobiyama; Michel, 2017ZANANDREA, F.; KOBIYAMA, M.; MICHEL, G. P. Conectividade Hidrossedimentológica: Uma Abordagem Conceitual. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, 22., 2017, Florianópolis, 2017. Anais [...]. Porto Alegre : ABRH, 2017. p. 1-8. )	Hydro-sedimentological Connectivity Index (HSCI)	Calculates the degree of connectivity of a slip with the channel	Applied	Not Informed	Precipitation, Antecedent Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological and sedimentological
(Coulthard; van de Wiel, 2017COULTHARD, T. J.; VAN DE WIEL, M. J. Modelling long term basin scale sediment connectivity, driven by spatial land use changes. Geomorphology, v. 277, p. 265-281, 2017. )	Landscape evolution model	Use of landscape evolution model to evaluate sediment connectivity		DEM 50m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Suspended Solids	CAESAR and CAESAR-Lisflood
(*Calsamiglia et al., 2017*CALSAMIGLIA, A. et al. Changes in soil quality and hydrological connectivity caused by the abandonment of terraces in a Mediterranean burned catchment. Forests, v. 8, n. 9, p. 1-20, 2017. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Analyzed soil quality using spatial patterns of hydrological and sedimentary connectivity	Applied	DEM 1m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(*De Walque et al., 2017*DE WALQUE, B. et al. Artificial surfaces characteristics and sediment connectivity explain muddy flood hazard in Wallonia. Catena, v. 158, p. 89-101, Nov. 2017. )	Logistic regression with Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Assessed the risk of muddy flooding with logistic regression and CI as one of the explanatory variables	Applied	DEM 10m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use, Suspended Solids, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(*Kalantari et al., 2017*KALANTARI, Z. et al. Flood probability quantification for road infrastructure: Data-driven spatial-statistical approach and case study applications. Science of the Total Environment, v. 581-582, p. 386-398, 2017. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Assessed the likelihood of flooding in transport infrastructure from sediment accumulation	Applied	DEM 2m	Precipitation, Antecedent Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(*Masselink et al., 2017*MASSELINK, R. et al. Assessing hillslope-channel connectivity in an agricultural catchment using rare-earth oxide tracers and random forests models. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, v. 43, n. 1, p. 17, 2017. )	Random Forest Classifier and earth oxide tracer	Assessed sediment connectivity with Random Forest machine learning method		DEM 0.1m	Precipitation, Sediment Granulometry, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(Bywater-Reyes; Segura; Bladon, 2017BYWATER-REYES, S.; SEGURA, C.; BLADON, K. D. Geology and geomorphology control suspended sediment yield and modulate increases following timber harvest in temperate headwater streams. Journal of Hydrology, v. 548, p. 74-83, 2017. )	Least squares regression and Principal Component Analysis	Relevance in natural controls in sediment production		DEM 0.9m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(Ortíz-Rodríguez; Borselli; Sarocchi, 2017ORTÍZ-RODRÍGUEZ, A. J.; BORSELLI, L.; SAROCCHI, D. Flow connectivity in active volcanic areas: Use of index of connectivity in the assessment of lateral flow contribution to main streams. Catena, v. 157, p. 90-111, Oct. 2017. )	Joint Connectivity Index (JCI) and Lateral Hydrological Efficiency Index (LHEI)	Mobilization analysis of pyroclastic sediments Identification of watersheds that provide large amounts of sediment with new index	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Infiltration Rate, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Suspended Solids, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(Lisenby; Fryirs, 2017LISENBY, P. E.; FRYIRS, K. A. Sedimentologically significant tributaries: catchment-scale controls on sediment (dis)connectivity in the Lockyer Valley, SEQ, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 42, n. 10, p. 1493-1504, 2017. )	Sediment analysis by field collection	The distribution of the main types of sediment buffers (floodplains, terraces, etc.), barriers (weirs), and effective catchment area was evaluated to characterize the potential of (dis)connectivity of coarse sediments		DEM 1m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological, land use and cover, and sedimentological
(Gran; Czuba, 2015GRAN, K. B.; CZUBA, J. A. Sediment pulse evolution and the role of network structure. Geomorphology, v. 277, p. 17-30, 2015. )	Czuba and Foufoula-Georgiou model	Assessed the behavior of sediment pulses, observing the role of the network structure		DEM 3m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Erodibility, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, and sedimentological
(Liu; Fu, 2016LIU, Y.; FU, B. Assessing sedimentological connectivity using WATEM/SEDEM model in a hilly and gully watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. Ecological Indicators, v. 66, p. 259-268, 2016. )	Connectivity indicators	Quantifies the hydro-sedimentological connectivity of a basin using soil erosion and sedimentation model	Cited	DEM 10m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological and hydrological
(*Pechenick et al., 2014*PECHENICK, A. M. et al. A multi-scale statistical approach to assess the effects of connectivity of road and stream networks on geomorphic channel condition. Earth surface processes and landforms, v. 39, p. 1538-1549, 2014. )	Multi-scale statistics	Assesses sediment connectivity between rural roads and channels in the basin		Not Informed	Precipitation, Antecedent Precipitation, Slope, Land Use and Cover, Soil Loss	Geomorphological and sedimentological
(Messenzehl; Hoffmann; Dikau, 2014MESSENZEHL, K.; HOFFMANN, T.; DIKAU, R. Sediment connectivity in the high-alpine valley of Val Müschauns, Swiss National Park - linking geomorphic field mapping with geomorphometric modelling. Geomorphology, v. 221, p. 215-229, 2014. )	Sediment Connectivity Index + Morphometric Index	Morphometric index by geoprocessing, to characterize the connectivity of sediments to the channel	Applied	DEM 2m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological and land use and cover
(*Cavalli et al., 2013*CAVALLI, M. et al. Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments. Geomorphology, v. 188, p. 31-41, 2013. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Geomorphological approach of sediment connectivity concerning debris flows	Applied	DEM 2.5m	Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cpver, Soil Loss	Geomorphological
(*Baartman et al., 2013*BAARTMAN, J. E. M. et al. Linking landscape morphological complexity and sediment connectivity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 38, n. 12, p. 1457-1471, 2013. )	Indices of morphological complexity and connectivity of sediments	Assessed relationships between landscape complexity and basin connectivity		DEM 30m	Precipitation, Erosivity, Infiltration Rate, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological and hydrological
(Croke; Fryirs; Thompson, 2013CROKE, J.; FRYIRS, K.; THOMPSON, C. Channel-floodplain connectivity during an extreme flood event: Implications for sediment erosion, deposition, and delivery. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 38, n. 12, p. 1444-1456, 2013. )	Connectivity channel/floodplain system	Assessed water and sediment connectivity of the channel/floodplain system	Cited	DEM 1m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover, Soil Loss	Geomorphological and hydrological
(Tobias; Wolfgang, 2013TOBIAS, H.; WOLFGANG, S. Geomorphic coupling and sediment connectivity in an alpine catchment - Exploring sediment cascades using graph theory. Elsevier, v. 182, p. 89-103, 2013. )	Spatial graph	Assessed the connectivity of sediment sources and their accumulation	Cited	DEM 1m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Terrain Roughness, Land Use and Cover	Geomorphological
(*Duvert et al., 2011*DUVERT, C. et al. Baseflow control on sediment flux connectivity: Insights from a nested catchment study in Central Mexico. Elsevier, v. 87, p. 129-140, 2011. )	Hydro-sedimentological monitoring	Evaluated the connectivity between sediment transfer rates and base flow		DEM 10m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Slope, Drainage Area, Land Use and Cover, Suspended Solids, Soil Loss	Geomorphological, hydrological, and sedimentological
(Borselli; Cassi; Torri, 2008BORSELLI, L.; CASSI, P.; TORRI, D. Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape: A GIS and field numerical assessment. Catena, v. 75, n. 3, p. 268-277, 2008. )	Field Connectivity Index (FCI)	They depend on the intensities of events that occurred locally and that left visible signs	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Erosivity, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area	Geomorphological and land use and cover
(Borselli; Cassi; Torri, 2008BORSELLI, L.; CASSI, P.; TORRI, D. Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape: A GIS and field numerical assessment. Catena, v. 75, n. 3, p. 268-277, 2008. )	Sediment Connectivity Index (CI)	Identified potential connectivity representation based on landscape features	Applied	DEM 5m	Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Erosivity, Drainage Length, Slope, Drainage Area	Geomorphological and land use and cover
(*Fryirs et al., 2007*FRYIRS, K. A. et al. Buffers, barriers and blankets: The (dis)connectivity of catchment-scale sediment cascades. Catena, v. 70, n. 1, p. 49-67, 2007. )	Conceptual model	Assessed the connectivity of the sediment chain in the watershed		Not Informed	Precipitation, Course Length, Slope, Drainage Area, Sediment Density, Sediment Granulometry, Soil Loss	Geomorphological

Group	Parameter Parama	Proportion of applications
Hydrological	Land Use and Cover	77%
	Precipitation	91%
	Erosivity	20%
	Antecedent Precipitation	11%
	Surface Runoff	80%
Geomorpholo-gical	Ramp Length	74%
	Slope	97%
	Drainage Area	91%
	Terrain Roughness	51%
Sedimentological	Sediment Density	6%
	Erodibility	6%
	Sediment Granulometry	6%
	Sediment Cohesion	6%
	Suspended Solids	17%
	Soil Loss	40%

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