The need for electoral geography: the possibilities in the field

Azevedo, Daniel Abreu de

doi:10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2023.204649.en

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Article • GEOUSP 27 (2) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2023.204649.en copy

The need for electoral geography: the possibilities in the field

La necesidad de la geografía electoral: las posibilidades del campo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The current abundance of georeferencing software and new statistical techniques have expanded the possibilities in Electoral Geography. This article aims to analyze the production within this field, revealing gaps in the Brazilian production compared to that produced in the English language. The methodology used was the narrative literature review based on the SANRA protocol, which systematizes and reveals possible research paths. The research revealed that, within the three major themes of electoral geography, there is a distinct concentration of interest between national and foreign production, the first being focused on the compositional effect and the second on the contextual effect. In addition, only 4% of production in Brazil is carried out by geographers and 14% in magazines specialized in geography. Finally, it is suggested to overcome the supposed dichotomy between compositional effect and contextual effect, by positioning both as rich fields of electoral geography.

Keywords:
electoral geography; voting geography; compositional effect; contextual effect; narrative review

	Compositional Effect	Contextual Effect	Geography of Political Representation	Geography Journal
SciELO e Redalyc (Portuguese, n=23)	Avelar e Walter (2008AVELAR, L.; WALTER, I. M. T. Lentas mudanças: o voto e a política tradicional. Opinião Pública, v. 14, n. 1, p. 96-122, 2008.); Soares e Terron (2008SOARES, G. A. D.; TERRON, S. L. Dois Lulas: a geografia eleitoral da reeleição (explorando conceitos, métodos e técnicas de análise geoespacial). Opinião Pública, v. 14, n. 2, p. 269-301, 2008.); Terron e Soares (2010TERRON, L.; SOARES, A. D. G. As bases eleitorais de Lula e do PT: do distanciamento ao divórcio. Opinião Pública, v. 16, n. 2, p. 15-45, 2010.); Zolnerkevic e Raffo (2013ZOLNERKEVIC, A.; RAFFO, J. G. Geografia eleitoral: representação espacial da volatilidade do voto. Geousp, v. 17, n. 1, p. 221-228, 2013.); Carvalho e Santos (2015CARVALHO, D.; SANTOS, G. F. Ciclos políticos, socioeconomia e a geografia eleitoral do estado da Bahia nas eleições de 2006. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 23, n. 54, p. 109-135, 2015.); *Matos et al.* (2015MATOS, A.; MARCELO, M.; ALVES, E.; FERNANDO, S.; DIAS, M. Eleição de Dilma ou segunda reeleição de Lula? Uma análise espacial do pleito de 2010. Opinião Pública, p. 535-573, 2015.); Sanches (2015SANCHES, D. C. Os custos eleitorais do Bolsa Família: reavaliando seu impacto sobre a eleição presidencial de 2006. Opinião Pública, v. 21, n. 3, p. 514-534, 2015.); Amaral e Ribeiro (2015AMARAL, O. E.; RIBEIRO, P. F. Por que Dilma de novo? Uma análise exploratória do Estudo Eleitoral Brasileiro de 2014. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 23, n. 56, p. 107-123, 2015.); Maciel e Ventura (2017MACIEL, N.; VENTURA, T. A Partido dos Trabalhadores na Câmara dos Deputados: a evolução das bases socioeconômicas e territoriais (1994-2014). Opinião Pública, v. 23, n. 1, p. 96-125, 2017.); Faganello e Fernandes (2018FAGANELLO, M. A.; FERNANDES, J. L. M. Migração partidária nos municípios brasileiros (2000-2016). Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 26, n. 66, p. 101-124, 2018.); Fernandes e Fernandes (2019FERNANDES, I. F. A. L.; FERNANDES, G. A. A. L. Economic voting in Brazilian presidential elections: evidence with panel data from municipalities in Sao Paulo. Organizações e Sociedade, v. 26, n. 88, p. 114-137, 2019.); Junckes et al. (2021JUNCKES, I. J., SILVA JÚNIOR, W., SILVA, J. M., & SILVA, E. A. Representação espacial de dados eleitorais no Brasil. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 29, p. 2-22, 2021.); Madeira, Silva e Malheiros (2021MADEIRA, P. M. F.; SILVA, K. S. N.; MALHEIROS, J. S. M. A geografia da direita nacionalista em Portugal: contornos de um processo emergente. Caderno Metrópoles, v. 23, n. 51, p. 469-498, 2021.); Silva, Santos e Silva (2022**SILVA, M.; SANTOS, P.; SILVA, L. Do Leme a Santa Cruz: A territorialização eleitoral de Jair Bolsonaro no município do Rio de Janeiro. Opinião Pública, v. 28, n. 1, p. 92-125, 2022.).	Kerbauy (2011KERBAUY, M. T. M. Os programas de transferência de renda e o voto regional nas eleições presidenciais de 2010. Opinião Pública, v. 17, n. 2, p. 477-492, 2011.); Meneguello e Bizzarro Neto (2012MENEGUELLO, R.; BIZARRO NETO, F. Contexto e competição na política paulista. Revista Dados, v. 55, n. 1, p. 119-171, 2012.); Marzagão (2013MARZAGÃO, T. A dimensão geográfica das eleições brasileiras. Opinião Pública, v. 19, n. 2, p. 270-290, 2013.); Silva e Silotto (2018SILVA, G. P.; SILOTTO, G. Preparing the terrain: conditioning factors for the regionalization of the vote for federal deputy in Sao Paulo. Brazilian Political Science Review, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1-34, 2018.); Silotto (2019SILOTTO, G. A relevância regional nas estratégias partidárias: evidências das listas de candidatos de São Paulo. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 27, n. 69, p. 1-17, 2019.); Zolnerkevic (2019ZOLNERKEVIC, A. Contexto social de vizinhança: percepções políticas na cidade de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, n. 29, p. 189-222, 2019.); Simoni Júnior (2021SIMONI JÚNIOR, S. Efeitos diretos e indiretos do Programa Bolsa Família nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras. Opinião Pública, v. 27, n. 1, p. 230-260, 2021.);	Carvalho (2009CARVALHO, N. R. Geografia política das eleições congressuais: a dinâmica de representação das áreas urbanas e metropolitanas no Brasil. Cadernos Metrópoles, v. 11, n. 22, p. 367-384, 2009. ); Amorim Neto, Cortez e Pessoa (2011AMORIM NETO, O.; CORTEZ, B.; PESSOA, S.A. Redesenhando o mapa eleitoral do Brasil: uma proposta de reforma política instrumental. Opinião Pública, v. 17, n. 1, p. 45-75, 2011.); Borges, Paula e Silva (2016BORGES, A.; PAULA, C.; SILVA, A. N. Eleições legislativas e geografia do voto em contexto de preponderância do Executivo. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 24, n. 58, p. 31-58, 2016.); Rocha (2021ROCHA, C. “Conexão Eleitoral”, geografia do voto e produção legislativa: um estudo de caso. Cadernos Metrópoles, v. 23, n. 51, p. 581-604, 2021.).	Cuadernos de Geografía (1) Metrópoles (3) Geousp (1)
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Local candidate effects in the 2011 Irish ‘earthquake election’. Political Geography, v. 41, p. 11-20, 2014.); Gimpel e Hui (2015GIMPEL, J.; HUI, I. Seeking politically compatible neighbors? The role of neighborhood partisan composition in residential sorting. Political Geography, v. 48, p. 130-142, 2015.); Johnston et al. (2016JOHNSTON, R.; WICKHAM-JONES, M.; PATTIE, C.; CUTTS, D.; PEMBERTON, H. Friends and neighbours voting revisited: the geography of support for candidates to lead the UK’s Labour party. Political Geography, v. 55, p. 1-9, 2016.); Voda et al. (2017VODA, P.; PETRA S.; ANDREA S.; STANISLAV, B. Local and More Local: Impact of Size and Organization Type of Settlements Units on Candidacy. Political Geography, v. 59, p. 24-35, 2017.); Vallbé e Ferran (2017VALLBÉ, J.; FERRAN, M. J. The Road Not Taken. Effects of residential mobility on local electoral turnout. Political Geography, v. 60, p. 86-99, 2017.); Evans et al (2017EVANS, J.; ARZHEIMER, K.; CAMPBELL, R.; COWLEY, P. Candidate localness and voter choice in the 2015 General Election in England. Political Geography, v. 59, p. 61-71, 2017.); Lappie e Marschall (2018LAPPIE, J.; MARSCHALL, M. Place and participation in local elections. Political Geography, v. 64, p. 33-42, 2018.); Noord, Joster e Wall (2018NOORD, J.; KOSTER, W.; WAAL, J. Order please! How cultural framing shapes the impact of neighborhood disorder on law-and-order voting. Political Geography, v. 64, p. 73-82, 2018.); Rohla et al. (2018ROHLA, R.; JOHNSTON, R.; JONES, K.; MANLEY, D. Spatial scale and the geographical polarization of the American electorate. Political Geography, v. 65, p. 117-122, 2018.); Carlson e Gimpel (2019CARLSON, C.; GIMPEL, J. G. Political implications of residential mobility and stasis on the partisan balance of locales. Political Geography, v. 71, p. 103-114, 2019.); Audemard e Gouard (2020AUDEMARD, J.; GOUARD, D. Friends, neighbors, and sponsors in the 2016 French primary election. Revisiting a classical hypothesis from aggregated-level data. Political Geography, v. 83, p. 1-15, 2020.); Put et al. (2020PUT, G.; SCHOULTZ, A.; ISOTALO, V. Fighting over friends and neighbors: the effect of inter-candidate geographic distance on intra-party competition. Political Geography, v. 81, p. 1-12, 2020.); Munis (2021MUNIS, K. B. Place, candidate roots, and voter preferences in an age of partisan polarization: Observational and experimental evidence. Political Geography, v. 85, p. 1-12, 2021. ); Iglesias- Pascual, Paloma e Benitez (2021**IGLESIAS-PASCUAL, R.; PALOMA, V.; BENÍTEZ, I. The role of contextual factors in the electoral resurgence of extreme right-wing forces in Spain: the case of Andalusia. Political Geography, v. 86, p. 1-9, 2021.).	Forest (2013FOREST, B. Redistricting and the elusive ideals of representation. Political Geography, v. 32, p. 15-17, 2013.); Collyer (2014COLLYER, M. Inside out? 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The promotion of Indigenous women’s political-electoral rights and the rise of the Mexican security state. Political Geography, v. 85, p. 1-11, 2021.).	Political Geography

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