Metabolism enzymes |
CYP2B6
|
Higher efavirenz levels |
Haiti |
Leger et al., 2009Leger P, Dillingham R, Beauharnais CA, Kashuba ADM, Rezk NL, Fitzgerald DW, Pape JW and Haas DW (2009) CYP2B6 variants and plasma efavirenz concentrations during antiretroviral therapy in port-au-prince Haiti. J Infect Dis 200:955-964.
|
Chile |
Carr et al., 2010Carr DF, la Porte CJL, Pirmohamed M, Owen A and Cortes CP (2010) Haplotype structure of CYP2B6 and association with plasma efavirenz concentrations in a Chilean HIV cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1889-1893.; Cortes et al., 2013Cortes CP, Siccardi M, Chaikan A, Owen A, Zhang G and Porte CJLL (2013) Correlates of efavirenz exposure in chilean patients affected with human immunodeficiency virus reveals a novel association with a polymorphism in the constitutive androstane receptor. Ther Drug Monit 35:78-83.
|
Lower CD4 T cell counts |
Brazil |
Queiroz et al., 2017Queiroz MAF, Laurentino RV, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Araújo MSM de, Gomes STM, Lima SS, Vallinoto ACR, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R and Machado LFA (2017) The CYP2B6 G516T polymorphism influences CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in an ethnically diverse region of the Amazon. Int J Infect Dis 55:4-10.
|
Adverse effects to efavirenz |
Brazil |
de Almeidaet al., 2018de Almeida TB, de Azevedo MCVM, Pinto JFDC, Ferry FRA, da Silva GAR, de Castro IJ, Baker P, Tanuri A, Haas DW and Cardoso CC (2018). Drug metabolism and transport gene polymorphisms and efavirenz adverse effects in Brazilian HIVpositive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 73:2460-2467.
|
CNS adverse effects to efavirenz |
Chile |
Poblete et al., 2021Poblete D, Bernal F, Llull G, Archiles S, Vasquez P, Chanqueo L, Soto N, Lavanderos MA, Quiñones LA and Varela NM (2021) Pharmacogenetic associations between atazanavir/UGT1A1*28 and efavirenz/rs3745274 (CYP2B6) account for specific adverse reactions in Chilean patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Front Pharmacol 12:660965.
|
NRI12 and NR1I3 |
Virological response |
Brazil |
de Almeida Velozo et al., 2021de Almeida Velozo C, de Almeida TB, de Azevedo MCVM, Espasandin I, da Cunha Pinto JF, López S, Pizzatti L, Tanuri A, da Silva Santos S, Ribeiro-Alves M et al. (2021). Polymorphisms at CYP enzymes, NR1I2 and NR1I3 in association with virologic response to antiretroviral therapy in Brazilian HIV-positive individuals. Pharmacogenomics J 1:33-38.
|
NR1I3
|
Efavirenz exposure |
Chile |
Cortes et al., 2013Cortes CP, Siccardi M, Chaikan A, Owen A, Zhang G and Porte CJLL (2013) Correlates of efavirenz exposure in chilean patients affected with human immunodeficiency virus reveals a novel association with a polymorphism in the constitutive androstane receptor. Ther Drug Monit 35:78-83.
|
UGT1A1
|
Atazanavir related hyperbilirubinemia |
Brazil |
Turatti et al., 2012Turatti L, Sprinz E, Lazzaretti RK, Kuhmmer R, Agnes G, Silveira JM, Basso RP, Pinheiro C a T, Silveira MF, de Almeida S et al. (2012) Short communication: UGT1A1*28 variant allele is a predictor of severe hyperbilirubinemia in HIV-infected patients on HAART in southern Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 28:1015-1018.
|
Chile |
Poblete et al., 2021Poblete D, Bernal F, Llull G, Archiles S, Vasquez P, Chanqueo L, Soto N, Lavanderos MA, Quiñones LA and Varela NM (2021) Pharmacogenetic associations between atazanavir/UGT1A1*28 and efavirenz/rs3745274 (CYP2B6) account for specific adverse reactions in Chilean patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Front Pharmacol 12:660965.
|
Drug transporters |
ABCB1
|
Lopinavir plasma levels |
Argentina |
Bellusci et al., 2013Bellusci CP, Rocco C, Aulicino P, Mecikovsky D, Curras V, Hegoburu S, Bramuglia GF, Bologna R, Sen L and Mangano A (2013) Influence of MDR1 C1236T polymorphism on lopinavir plasma concentration and virological response in HIV-1-infected children. Gene 522:96-101.
|
Virological failure of PI containing regimens |
Brazil |
Coelho et al., 2013Coelho AV, Silva SP, de Alencar LC, Stocco G, Crovella S, Brandão LA and Guimarães RL (2013) ABCB1 and ABCC1 variants associated with virological failure of first-line protease inhibitors antiretroviral regimens in Northeast Brazil patients. J Clin Pharmacol 53:1286-93.
|
Decreased immunological response to efavirenz |
Brazil |
Coelho et al., 2018Coelho AVC, Moura RR de, Guimarães RL, Brandão LAC and Crovella S (2018) Antiretroviral therapy immunologic non-response in a Brazilian population: Association study using pharmaco- and immunogenetic markers. Brazilian J Infect Dis 22:392-401.
|
ABCC1
|
Virological failure of PI containing regimens |
Brazil |
Coelho et al., 2013Coelho AV, Silva SP, de Alencar LC, Stocco G, Crovella S, Brandão LA and Guimarães RL (2013) ABCB1 and ABCC1 variants associated with virological failure of first-line protease inhibitors antiretroviral regimens in Northeast Brazil patients. J Clin Pharmacol 53:1286-93.
|
ABCC2
|
Intolerance to PI containing regimens |
Brazil |
Arruda et al., 2016Arruda MB, Campagnari F, De Almeida TB, Couto-Fernandez JC, Tanuri A and Cardoso CC (2016) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cellular drug transporters are associated with intolerance to antiretroviral therapy in brazilian HIV-1 positive individuals. PLoS One 11:e0163170.
|
SLCO1B1
|
Trough plasma concentration of lopinavir |
Brazil |
Kohlrausch et al., 2010Kohlrausch FB, De Cássia Estrela R, Barroso PF and Suarez-Kurtz G (2010) The impact of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the plasma concentration of lopinavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected men. Br J Clin Pharmacol 69:95-98.
|
Intolerance to NRTIs |
Brazil |
Arruda et al., 2016Arruda MB, Campagnari F, De Almeida TB, Couto-Fernandez JC, Tanuri A and Cardoso CC (2016) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cellular drug transporters are associated with intolerance to antiretroviral therapy in brazilian HIV-1 positive individuals. PLoS One 11:e0163170.
|