Numerical chromosome polymorphism in Mikania cordifolia Willd. (Asteraceae)

gmb Genetics and Molecular Biology Genet. Mol. Biol. 1415-4757 1678-4685 Sociedade Brasileira de Genética Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil As análises citogenéticas mitóticas realizadas através de coloração convencional (Feulgen) em Mikania cordifolia, nativa da região de Campinas (SP), revelaram um número cromossômico de 2n = 36 cromossomos. Descrições cariotípicas anteriores para essa espécie mostraram um número cromossômico variando de 2n = 34 a 2n = 38. Em todas as metáfases foi encontrada uma constrição secundária no primeiro par cromossômico (já descrito anteriormente como um marcador citológico). Foi descrito, pela primeira vez nesta espécie, um satélite no 10º par cromossômico. Foram encontrados também cromossomos extranumerários pequenos com variação numérica na mesma planta. SHORT COMMUNICATION NUMERICAL CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM IN Mikania cordifolia WILLD. (ASTERACEAE) E.M.D. Maffei1, M.A. Marin-Morales2, P.M. Ruas1 and C.F. Ruas1 Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil. 2Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UNESP, Campus de Assis, Av. Dom Antonio, 2100, 19806-173 Assis, SP, Brasil. Send correspondence to M.A.M.-M. ABSTRACT Cytogenetical analysis of Mikania cordifolia, from southeastern Brazil, using the conventional Feulgen method, showed a chromosome number of 2n = 36. Previous karyotypic descriptions for this species showed a numerical chromosome variation of 2n = 34 to 38. There was a secondary constriction in every metaphase in the first chromosome pair, which constitutes a cytological marker. Small extranumerary chromosomes with numerical variation in the same plant were found in the tenth chromosome pair. INTRODUCTION The genus Mikania, Tribe Eupatoriae, Family Asteraceae, has about 300 species, with tropical and subtropical distribution. In Brazil, about 200 species can be found (Barroso, 1958). There is not much cytogenetical information about this genus, and most concerns only chromosome number. In Mikania cordifolia, chromosome number has been reported as 2n = 38 (Gaiser, 1954); n = 18 (Powell and King, 1969), n = 19 (Robinson et al., 1989) and 2n = 34 chromosomes (Ruas and Ruas 1987). The objective of the present study was to characterize the chromosome number and morphology of an M. cordifolia population from Campinas, São Paulo (southeastern Brazil). MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of five populations of Mikania cordifolia were collected from their natural habitat and maintained in the greenhouse of the General Biology Department of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). The voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium (FUEL No. 09330). Since these plants can also reproduce vegetatively, we are not sure if these analyzed populations had or not a different ancestry. Root tips were collected at 22° to 28°C and pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinoline (0.002 M) for 2 h and 20 min, at 10°C. Fixation was in Carnoy (3 ethanol:1 acetic acid) for 24 h at room temperature. Root tips were stored at -9°C. After hydrolysis in 1 N HCl at 60°C for 11 min, the root tips were Feulgen stained for 2 h and smeared in 1% acetic carmine solution. Around 100 metaphases were analyzed to determine the chromosome number and five metaphase cells were photographed and used for morphometric analysis. Chromosome measurements included absolute length of individual chromosomes, measured in mm, and arm ratio for each chromosome (long arm/short arm). The chromosome types were established according to the Levan et al. (1964) nomenclature. Karyotype asymmetry index was determined according to Stebbins (1971). The mean chromosomal length of the five metaphase cells was used for the idiogram construction. The chromosome number of the conventional genome was counted in 100 metaphases and the number of B chromosomes was observed in 20 metaphases. RESULTS This population of M. cordifolia showed 2n = 36 chromosomes (Figure 1a), whose length varied from 3.04 to 0.72 mm. The total length of the haploid complement was 21.15 mm. The karyotype was asymmetric, with a longest/smallest chromosome ratio of 4.22 (Table I). There were 14 pairs of median (m) chromosomes, three of submedian (sm) chromosomes and one pair of subterminal (st) chromosomes (Figure 1 b,c; Table I). A secondary constriction was identified in the first pair, and a satellite in the tenth (Figures 1 and 2). One to seven small B-chromosomes were found, although seven was the most frequent number in metaphase cells (Figures 2 and 3). DISCUSSION The chromosome number found in M. cordifolia (Campinas population in southern Brazil) was 2n = 36. Previous karyotypic descriptions for this species showed a numerical chromosome variation of 2n = 34 to 38 (Gaiser, 1954; Powell and King, 1969; Ruas and Ruas 1987; Robinson et al., 1989). Numerical polymorphism is relatively common for some plant species. In M. pachyphylla 2n = 34, 36 and 38 chromosomes was observed (Nevling, 1969) and in M. pyramidata, 2n = 36, 40 + 4-5 fragments (Robinson et al., 1989). Based on our analysis, we suggest that aneuploidy has an important role in the evolution of M. cordifolia. Ruas and Ruas (1987) suggested that the secondary constriction in the biggest arm of chromosome one is a cytological marker for this genus. We confirm the presence of this marker. It was observed in every metaphase. It is described for the first time the occurrence of a satellite in the tenth chromosome pair in this species. Karyotypes with submedian and subterminal chromosomes are considered to be derived and therefore indicate chromosome rearrangements during the evolutionary process (Stebbins, 1971). This was the first time that B-chromosomes were reported for this species. The B-chromosomes varied in cells of the same plant, which suggests nondisjunction in the mitotic anaphase. Variation in chromosome number in the same plant is a rule used to discriminate B-chromosomes from the normal chromosome complement (Jones and Rees 1982). An extranumeric chromosome in some Asteraceae species has been reported in Crepis capillaris (Rutishauser, 1960; Whitehouse et al., 1981) and Calycademia panciflora (Carr, 1975; Carr and Carr, 1982). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by CAPES and CPG-UEL. We are also grateful to Dr. Nelson I. Matzenbacher from UFRGS for the botanic identification of this population and to Dr. Aldo L. Klein from UNESP, Assis, for reviewing of the English text. Publication supported by FAPESP. RESUMO As análises citogenéticas mitóticas realizadas através de coloração convencional (Feulgen) em Mikania cordifolia, nativa da região de Campinas (SP), revelaram um número cromossômico de 2n = 36 cromossomos. Descrições cariotípicas anteriores para essa espécie mostraram um número cromossômico variando de 2n = 34 a 2n = 38. Em todas as metáfases foi encontrada uma constrição secundária no primeiro par cromossômico (já descrito anteriormente como um marcador citológico). Foi descrito, pela primeira vez nesta espécie, um satélite no 10º par cromossômico. Foram encontrados também cromossomos extranumerários pequenos com variação numérica na mesma planta. (Received December 30, 1997) Barroso, G.M. (1958). Mikaniae do Brasil. Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro XVI: 237-426. Mikaniae do Brasil Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 1958 237 426 XVI Barroso G.M. Carr, G.D. (1975). Chromosome evolution and aneuploid reduction in Calycadenia pauciflora (Asteraceae). Evolution 29: 681-699. Chromosome evolution and aneuploid reduction in Calycadenia pauciflora (Asteraceae) Evolution 1975 681 699 29 Carr G.D. Carr, G.D. and Carr, R.L. (1982). Micro and nucleolar-organizing B-chromosomes in Calycadenia (Asteraceae). Cytologia 47: 79-87. Micro and nucleolar-organizing B-chromosomes in Calycadenia (Asteraceae) Cytologia 1982 79 87 47 Carr G.D. Carr R.L. Gaiser, L.O. (1954). Estudies in Kuhnunae (Eupatorieae). II. J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 35: 87-133. Estudies in Kuhnunae (Eupatorieae) II. J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 1954 87 133 35 Gaiser L.O. Jones, R.N. and Rees, H. (1982). B-Chromosome. Academic Press, London. B-Chromosome 1982 Jones R.N. Rees H. Levan, A., Fredga, A. and Sanderberg, A.A. (1964). Nomenclature for centromeric position in chromosome. Hereditas 52: 201-220. Nomenclature for centromeric position in chromosome Hereditas 1964 201 220 52 Levan A. 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