Os desafios da gestão de projetos em pequenas e médias empresas: uma revisão de literatura apoiada em softwares de bibliometria e análise de conteúdo

de Almeida Parizotto, Letícia; Tonso, Aldo; de Carvalho, Marly Monteiro

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

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Sumário

Original Article • Gest. Prod. 27 (1) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X3768-20 copiar

Os desafios da gestão de projetos em pequenas e médias empresas: uma revisão de literatura apoiada em softwares de bibliometria e análise de conteúdo

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

O objetivo deste artigo é elaborar um panorama da literatura sobre Gestão de Projetos (GP) em Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) através da análise da evolução das publicações e principais temáticas entre 1996 e 2016 para motivar futuras pesquisas que auxiliem PMEs a usarem práticas de Gestão de Projetos de forma mais eficiente. O estudo foi conduzido por bibliometria associada à análise de conteúdo das publicações coletadas nas bases Web of Science e Scopus e no periódico International Journal of Project Management. Para tanto, os softwares VOSviewer, Nvivo, Minitab e Excel foram utilizados nas análises. A varredura de 235 publicações sobre Gestão de Projetos em PMEs permitiu traçar um panorama da literatura. Ademais, quatro categorias temáticas se destacaram: Práticas de Gestão de Projeto, Sistemas de Planejamento e Controle, Colaboração e Gestão de Conhecimento. Como características da gestão de projetos em PMEs, observa-se a necessidade de uma metodologia mais leve, flexível e orientada a pessoas. Adicionalmente, os resultados apontam que os principais desafios envolvem a falta de recursos e pessoal qualificado, além da alta rotatividade. Entretanto, superando essas questões, a GP pode beneficiar o crescimento e a inovação em PMEs. Portanto, o estudo apresenta um quadro conceitual de benefícios e desafios da gestão de projetos em PMEs, reduzindo a lacuna de pesquisa no tema. Além disso, são apresentadas recomendações para pesquisas futuras, principalmente no Brasil.

Palavras-chave:
Pequenas e Médias Empresas; PMEs; Gestão de projetos; Bibliometria

Classification	Micro Enterprise	Small Enterprise	Medium Enterprise
OECD (OECD, 2016Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD. (2016). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2016. Retrieved in 2017, January 30, from http://www.oecd.org/std/business-stats/entrepreneurship-at-a-glance-22266941.htm http://www.oecd.org/std/business-stats/e... )	1-9 employees	10-49 employees	50-249 employees
European Commission (Muller et al., 2015Muller, P., Caliandro, C., Peycheva, V., Gagliardi, D., Marzocchi, C., Ramlogan, R., & Cox, D. (2015). Annual Report on European SMEs 2014/2015. Bruxelas: European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2873/886211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2873/886211... ; Turner et al., 2009Turner, R., Ledwith, A., & Kelly, J. (2009). Project Management in small to medium-sized enterprises: a comparison between firms by size and industry. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(2), 282-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949... )	1-9 employees GR < €2 millions	10-49 employees GR < €10 millions	50-249 employees GR< €50 millions
National Statute of Microenterprise and Small Business (Brasil, 2006Brasil. (2006). Lei Complementar no 123, de 14 de dezembro DE 2006: estatuto nacional da Microempresa e da Empresa de Pequeno Porte. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil.)	GR < R$0.36 millions	GR < R$4.8 millions	N/A**

Theme	Keywords
Manufacturing	Industrial, management, strategic, product development, industrial economics, marketing, sustainable development, laws and legislation, cost effectiveness, production control, production engineering, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, decision making, resource allocation
Construction & Information	Information management, construction industry, information technology, communication, information systems, construction management, contractors, contracts
Innovation & Knowledge	Innovation, performance, project management, productivity, technology, research and development management, societies and institutions, industrial research, knowledge management, software engineering, risk management

Hot Topics	Articles
Success & Process	(Moreau, 2016)
Success	(Marcelino Sádaba et al., 2016; Pons & Haefele, 2016)
Success, Information & Technology	(Pollack & Adler, 2016; Mannan et al., 2016)
Technology & Information	(Dyerson et al., 2016Dyerson, R., Spinelli, R., & Harindranath, G. (2016). Revisiting IT readiness: an approach for small firms. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116, 546-563. http://10.1108/IMDS-05-2015-0204. http://10.1108/IMDS-05-2015-0204... )

Cluster	Central Reference^* * Based on the total link force calculated by VOSviewer;	Key Theme	Articles of the Sample^ Cited the central reference.
1	Nonaka, I.	Knowledge Management	(Currie, 2003Currie, W. L. (2003). A knowledge-based risk assessment framework for evaluating web-enabled application outsourcing projects. International Journal of Project Management, 21(3), 207-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00095-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)... ) (Sexton & Barrett, 2004Sexton, M., & Barrett, P. (2004). The role of technology transfer in innovation within small construction firms. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 11(5), 342-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410558539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410558... ) (Fischer & Eichenauer, 2006Fischer, T.V., & Eichenauer, D. (2006). The implementation of knowledge management at Trevira R&D - From the conception to a practical guide. VDI-Berichte, 61-80.) (Leopoulos et al., 2006Leopoulos, V. N., Kirytopoulos, K. A., & Malandrakis, C. (2006). Risk management for SMEs: tools to use and how. Production Planning & Control, 17, 322-332.) (Lee & Egbu, 2007Lee, C. C. T., & Egbu, C. O. (2007). Information technology tools for capturing and communicating learning and experiences in construction smes in developed and developing countires. Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 12(2007), 167-180.) (Owens, 2007Owens, J. D. (2007). Why do some UK SMEs still find the implementation of a new product development process problematical?: an exploratory investigation. Management Decision, 45(2), 235-251.) (Huang et al., 2008Huang, C.-M., Chang, H.-C., & Henderson, S. (2008). Knowledge transfer barriers between research and development and marketing groups within taiwanesesmall- and medium-sized enterprise high-technology new product development teams. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 18(6), 621-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20130... ) (Sandhu & Naaranoja, 2009Sandhu, M., & Naaranoja, M. A. (2009). Knowledge management practices in project-based organisations. International Journal of Business Excellence., 2(2), 140-156.) (Hsu & Fang, 2009Hsu, Y.-H., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: the mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.200... ) (Blanc Alquier & Lagasse Tignol, 2006Blanc Alquier, A. M., & Lagasse Tignol, M. H. (2006). Risk management in small- and medium-sized enterprises. Production Planning and Control, 17(3), 273-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280500285334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280500285... ) (Tan et al., 2012Tan, H. C., Carrillo, P. M., & Anumba, C. J. (2012). Case study of knowledge management implementation in a medium-sized construction sector firm. Journal of Management Engineering, 28(3), 338-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000109 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-... ) (Karvonen et al., 2010Karvonen, M., Salkari, I., & Ollus, I. (2010). Increasing collaboration preparedness and performance through VO inheritance. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 6(3), 293-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSOM.2010.031955 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSOM.2010.031... ) (Hang Do et al., 2014Hang Do, T., Mazzarol, T., Volery, T., & Reboud, S. (2014). Predicting anticipated rent from innovation commercialisation in SMEs. European Journal of Innovation Management, 17(2), 183-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2012-0113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2012-0... )
2	Cusumano, M.	Portfolio Management and IS Projects	(Garg et al., 2010Garg, A. S., Goyal, A. A., & Lather, D. P. B. (2010). The influence of the best practices of information system development on software SMEs: a research scope. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 5(3), 268-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2010.03193. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2010.03193... ) (Voss & Kock, 2013Voss, M., & Kock, A. (2013). Impact of relationship value on project portfolio success - investigating the moderating effects of portfolio characteristics and external turbulence. International Journal of Project Management, 31(6), 847-861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.11.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201... )
3	Land, M. J.	Production Management	(Land & Gaalman, 2009Land, G. J. C., & Gaalman, M. J. (2009). Production planning and control in SMEs: time for change. Production Planning and Control, 20(7), 548-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280903034230. https://doi.org/10.1080/0953728090303423... ) (Stevenson et al., 2011Stevenson, M., Huang, Y., Hendry, L. C., & Soepenberg, E. (2011). The theory and practice of workload control: A research agenda and implementation strategy. International Journal of Production Economics, 131(2), 689-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.02.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.02... )
4	Ahmed, S.	Project Management in the Construction Industry	(Chileshe & Dzisi., 2012Chileshe, N. & Dzisi, E. (2012). Benefits and barriers of construction health and safety management (HSM): Perceptions of practitioners within design organisations, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 10 (2) 276–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17260531211241220. https://doi.org/10.1108/1726053121124122... ) (Taggart et al., 2014Taggart, M., Koskela, L., & Rooke, J. (2014). The role of the supply chain in the elimination and reduction of construction rework and defects: an action research approach. Construction Management and Economics, 32(7-8), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.904965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.... )
5	Love, P.E.D.	IT Projects & Communication and Supply Chain in the Construction Industry	(Chee & Sloan, 2006Chee, H. W., & Sloan, B. (2006). An empirical survey of the UK construction smes’ e-procurement readiness from the e-legal aspects. Journal of Construction Research, 7(81), 81-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S160994510600044X http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S1609945106000... ) (Dey et al., 2008Dey, W. B., Ho, W., Charoenngam, C., & Deewong, W. (2008). Relationship characteristics within the supply chain of small and medium-sized construction enterprises in Thailand. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, 15(1), 102-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2008.018242 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2008.018... ) (Pellicer et al., 2009Pellicer, E., Pellicer, T. M., & Catala, J. (2009). An integrated control system for SMEs in the construction industry. Revista de la Construcción, 8(2), 4-17.) (Ahuja et al., 2009aAhuja, V., Yang, J., & Shankar, R. (2009a). Perceptions affecting ict adoption for building project management in the Indian construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management, 10(2), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2010.10773141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2010.... 2009bAhuja, V., Yang, J., & Shankar, R. (2009b). IT-enhanced communication protocols for building project management. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 17(2), 159-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699981011024678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699981011024... , 2010a Ahuja, V., Yang, J., Skitmore, M., & Shankar, R. (2010a). An empirical test of causal relationships of factors affecting ICT adoption for building project management: an Indian SME case study. Construction Innovation, 10(2), 164-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14714171011037174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14714171011037... , 2010bAhuja, V., Yang, J., & Shankar, R. (2010b). Benchmarking framework to measure extent of ICT adoption for building project management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(5), 538-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-... ), Taggart et al., 2014Taggart, M., Koskela, L., & Rooke, J. (2014). The role of the supply chain in the elimination and reduction of construction rework and defects: an action research approach. Construction Management and Economics, 32(7-8), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.904965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.... )
6	Turner, J.R.	General Practices of Project Management in SMEs	(Forsman, 2008Forsman, H. (2008). Business development success in SMEs: a case study approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(3), 606-622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000810892382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000810892... ) (Turner et al., 2009Turner, R., Ledwith, A., & Kelly, J. (2009). Project Management in small to medium-sized enterprises: a comparison between firms by size and industry. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(2), 282-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949... , 2010Turner, R., Ledwith, A., & Kelly, J. (2010). Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: matching processes to the nature of the firm. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 744-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.06.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201... , 2012Turner, R., Ledwith, A., & Kelly, J. (2012). Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises Tailoring the practices to the size of company. Management Decision, 50(2), 942-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741211227627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741211227... ) (Rostami et al., 2015Rostami, C., Sommerville, A., Wong, J., & Lee, I. L. (2015). Risk management implementation in small and medium enterprises in the UK construction industry. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 22(1), 91-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2014-0057 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2014-0... )

Category	Topics	Articles	Number of articles
Project Management Practices	Portfolio Management Risk Management Ecodesign Contingency Approach	(Meade & Presley, 2002Meade, L. M., & Presley, A. (2002). R&D project selection using the analytic network process. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 21(2), 59-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.985748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.985748... ) (Le Pochat et al., 2007Le Pochat, S., Bertoluci, G., & Froelich, D. (2007). Integrating ecodesign by conducting changes in SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(7), 671-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006... ) (Turner et al., 2010Turner, R., Ledwith, A., & Kelly, J. (2010). Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: matching processes to the nature of the firm. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 744-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.06.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201... ) (Voss & Kock, 2013Voss, M., & Kock, A. (2013). Impact of relationship value on project portfolio success - investigating the moderating effects of portfolio characteristics and external turbulence. International Journal of Project Management, 31(6), 847-861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.11.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201... ) (Marcelino Sádaba et al., 2014)	5
Planning and Control Systems	ERP E – procurement WLC	(Muscatello et al., 2003Muscatello, J. R., Small, M. H., & Chen, I. J. (2003). Implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in small and midsize manufacturing firms. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(7-8), 850-871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570310486329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570310486... ) (Huin, 2004Huin, S. F. (2004). Managing deployment of ERP systems in SMEs using multi-agents. International Journal of Project Management, 22(6), 511-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2003.12.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.200... ) (Malhotra & Temponi, 2010Malhotra, R., & Temponi, C. (2010). Critical decisions for ERP integration: small business issues. International Journal of Information Management, 30(1), 28-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.03.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.20... ) (Renna & Argoneto, 2010Renna, P., & Argoneto, P. (2010). Production planning and automated negotiation for SMEs: an agent based e-procurement application. International Journal of Production Economics, 127(1), 73-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.04.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.04... ) (Stevenson et al., 2011Stevenson, M., Huang, Y., Hendry, L. C., & Soepenberg, E. (2011). The theory and practice of workload control: A research agenda and implementation strategy. International Journal of Production Economics, 131(2), 689-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.02.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.02... )	5
Collaboration	Innovation Research Competitiveness	(Davenport et al., 1998Davenport, S., Davies, J., & Grimes, C. (1998). Collaborative research programmes: building trust from difference. Technovation, 19(1), 31-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(98)00083-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(98)... ) (Kernel, 2005Kernel, P. (2005). Creating and implementing a model for sustainable development in tourism enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(2), 151-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.12.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2003... ) (Okamuro, 2007Okamuro, H. (2007). Determinants of successful R&D cooperation in Japanese small businesses: the impact of organizational and contractual characteristics. Research Policy, 36(10), 1529-1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.12.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.... ) (Bjerregaard, 2010Bjerregaard, T. (2010). Industry and academia in convergence: micro-institutional dimensions of R&D collaboration. Technovation, 30(2), 100-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.11.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation... )	4
Knowledge management	Tacit x Explicit Knowledge Innovation Intellectual capital	(Wong, 2005Wong, K. Y. (2005). Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105(3), 261-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570510590101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570510590... ) (Currie, 2003Currie, W. L. (2003). A knowledge-based risk assessment framework for evaluating web-enabled application outsourcing projects. International Journal of Project Management, 21(3), 207-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00095-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)... ) (Miranda et al., 2014Miranda, S., Eduardo, C., Antonio, V., Salomon, P., Francisco, A., Elizabeth, B., & Sotomonte, P. (2014). Science direct Risk management in software projects through knowledge management techniques: cases in Brazilian incubated technology-based firms. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 32(1), 125-138.) (Sexton & Barrett, 2004Sexton, M., & Barrett, P. (2004). The role of technology transfer in innovation within small construction firms. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 11(5), 342-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410558539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410558... ) (Hsu & Fang, 2009Hsu, Y.-H., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: the mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.200... ) (Mannan et al., 2016Mannan, B., Khurana, S., Haleem, A., & Nisar, T. (2016). Modeling of critical factors for integrating sustainability with innovation for Indian small- and medium-scale manufacturing enterprises: an ISM and MICMAC approach. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1140318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.... )	6

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E-mail: gp@dep.ufscar.br

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[TFN1] ^*
GR: Gross Revenue; **N/A: not applicable. Complementary Law 123/2006 (Brasil, 2006Brasil. (2006). Lei Complementar no 123, de 14 de dezembro DE 2006: estatuto nacional da Microempresa e da Empresa de Pequeno Porte. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil.) does not address medium-sized enterprises.