CO2 emission |
It comes from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. It includes carbon dioxide produced during the consumption of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and gas burning |
Abreu et al. (2018)Abreu, J., Braga, V., & Correia, A. (2018). Policies and economies impact’s on CO2 emissions in the World. Innovation, Engineering and Entrepreneurship, 505, 771-778.; Balados-Naves et al. (2018)Balados-Naves, R., Banõs-Pino, J. F., & Mayor, M. (2018). Do countries influence neighbouring pollution? A spatial analysis of the EKC for CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 123, 266-279.; Mardani et al. (2019)Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: a systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. The Science of the Total Environment, 649, 31-49. PMid:30170214.; Sarkodie & Strezov (2019)Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. The Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871. PMid:30064112.; Gonzalez-Garcia et al. (2018)Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Manteiga, R., Moreira, M. T., & Feijoo, G. (2018). Assessing the sustainabilty of Spanish cities considering environmental and sócio-economic indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 599-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018...
; Lima et al. (2017)Lima, F., Nunes, M. L., & Cunha, J. (2017). Energy indicators framework and climate change policy implications. In 14th International Conference on the European Energy Market. EEM.; Andrich et al. (2013)Andrich, M. A., Imberger, J., & Oxburgh, E. R. (2013). Inequality as an obstacle to sustainable electricity and transport energy use. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17, 315-325.
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Energy use |
Refers to the use of primary energy prior to conversion to other end-use fuels |
Sarkodie & Strezov (2019)Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. The Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871. PMid:30064112.; Ayoo (2016)Ayoo, C. (2016). The role of efficiency in energy policy. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 15(4), 423-449.; Andrich et al. (2013)Andrich, M. A., Imberger, J., & Oxburgh, E. R. (2013). Inequality as an obstacle to sustainable electricity and transport energy use. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17, 315-325.
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GDP |
GDP at purchaser prices is the sum of the gross value added of all resident producers in the economy plus any taxes on products and less any subsidies not included in the value of the products |
Mardani et al. (2019)Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: a systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. The Science of the Total Environment, 649, 31-49. PMid:30170214.; Sarkodie & Strezov (2019)Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. The Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871. PMid:30064112.; Juknys et al. (2018)Juknys, R., Liobikienè, G., & Dagiliute, R. (2018). Deceleration of economic growth: the main course seeking sustainability in developed countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 1-8.; Gorobets (2011)Gorobets, A. (2011). Corrections to the human development index and alternative indicators of sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 3(2), 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2011.039916 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2011.03...
; Duro & Padilla (2010)Duro, J. A., & Padilla, E. (2010). Inequality acroos countries in energy intensities: an analysis of the role of energy transformation and final energy consumption. Energy Economics, 33, 474-479.
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Life expectancy at birth |
Indicates the number of years a newborn would live if the prevalent patterns of birth-time mortality were the same throughout their lifetime |
Zhang (2013)Zhang, A. (2013). A model of climate change and public health. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston: ASCE.; Gorobets (2011)Gorobets, A. (2011). Corrections to the human development index and alternative indicators of sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 3(2), 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2011.039916 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2011.03...
; Knight (2014)Knight, K. W. (2014). Temporal variation in the relationship between environmental demands and well-being: a panel analysis of developed and less-developed countries. Population and Environment, 36, 32-47.
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Percentage of unemployed |
Refers to the portion of the workforce that is out of work, but available to look for work |
González-Mejía et al. (2014)González-Mejía, A. M., Eason, T. N., Cabezas, H., & Suidan, M. T. (2014). Social and economic sustainability of urban systems: comparative analysis of metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio, USA. Sustainability Science, 9(2), 217-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-0227-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-022...
; Gonzalez-Garcia et al. (2018)Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Manteiga, R., Moreira, M. T., & Feijoo, G. (2018). Assessing the sustainabilty of Spanish cities considering environmental and sócio-economic indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 599-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018...
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