Holmes et al. (2009)Holmes, J. W., Brøndsted, P., Sørensen, B. F., Jiang, Z., Sun, Z., & Chen, X. (2009). Development of a bamboo-based composite as a sustainable green material for wind turbine blades. Wind Engineering, 33(2), 197-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952409789141053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/03095240978914...
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Denmark |
Hot-pressed bamboo and poplar wood |
· The manufacture of hot-pressed bamboo and poplar wood-based laminates for wind turbine blade applications is feasible. |
Boopalan et al. (2012)Boopalan, M., Umapathy, M. J., & Jenyfer, P. (2012). A comparative study on the mechanical properties of jute and sisal fiber reinforced polymer composites. Silicon, 4(3), 145-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-012-9110-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-012-911...
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India |
Jute and sisal |
· The mechanical properties of the jute fiber-reinforced composite were higher compared to the sisal fiber-reinforced composite; |
· The sisal fiber absorbs more water than the jute fiber, decreasing mechanical properties; |
· When comparing tensile strength, sodium hydroxide treated jute composites showed better results than sodium hydroxide-treated sisal composites. |
Shah et al. (2013)Shah, D. U., Schubel, P. J., & Clifford, M. J. (2013). Can flax replace E-glass in structural composites? A small wind turbine blade case study. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 52, 172-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb....
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United Kingdom |
Linen and polyester |
· The linen fiber and polyester composite is 10% lighter than that of fiberglass and polyester due to the lower density of the plant fibers; |
· The linen fiber meets the design and structural integrity requirements, according to certification standards, for an 11 kW turbine. |
Praciano et al. (2014)Praciano, A. C., Cavalcante, E. S., Albiero, D., Chioderoli, C. A., & Loureiro, D. R. (2014). Avaliação da fibra de carnaúba na produção de compósitos para fabricação de pás eólica. In XLIII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola (pp. 1-4). Jaboticabal: Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola. Retrieved in 2023, March 21, from http://conbea14.sbea.org.br/2014/anais.html http://conbea14.sbea.org.br/2014/anais.h...
|
Brazil |
Carnauba |
· The mechanical properties of carnauba have the required characteristics for the manufacture of wind turbine blades. |
Silva Fo. et al. (2015) |
Brazil |
Piassava |
· The piassava fiber addition significantly improved the impact strength of the composite compared to the composite without the piassava reinforcement. |
Banga et al. (2015)Banga, H., Singh, V. K., & Choudhary, S. K. (2015). Fabrication and study of mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced bio-composites. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, 6, 17.
|
India |
Bamboo |
· The tensile, flexural and impact strength, and hardness of bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were higher compared to epoxy composites without bamboo reinforcement; |
· The water absorption of the bamboo-based composites saturates after a 40-day exposure with little effect of water on the composite. |
Bakri et al. (2016)Bakri, B., Chandrabakty, S., Alfriansyah, R., & Dahyar, A. (2016). Potential coir fibre composite for small wind turbine blade application. International Journal on Smart Material and Mechatronics, 2(1), 42-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20342/IJSMM.2.1.44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20342/IJSMM.2.1.44...
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Indonesia |
Coconut |
· The mechanical properties of tensile, impact, shear, flexural, and compressive strength were similar to the properties of wood, but lower than the properties of fiberglass composites for application in small wind turbine blades. |
Widiastuti (2016)Widiastuti, I. (2016). Bamboo laminated composites for wind turbine blade material: a review. In Seminar Nasional dan Pameran Produk Pendidikan Vokasi ke 1 (pp. 261-265). Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret.
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Indonesia |
Bamboo |
· This renewable material is a candidate for application in wind turbine blades, considering its favorable mechanical properties, simplicity of processing, and biodegradable properties. |
Wang et al. (2019b)Wang, X., Chang, L., Shi, X., & Wang, L. (2019b). Effect of hot-alkali treatment on the structure composition of jute fabrics and mechanical properties of laminated composites. Materials, 12(9), 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091386. PMid:31035442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091386...
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China |
Jute |
· The study evaluated the effects of hot alkaline chemical treatment with different NaOH mass concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) on the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites; |
· The alkali treatment directly affects the properties of the jute fiber, which removes non-cellulosic materials and makes the fiber better able to rearrange itself along the fiber direction, and improves the adhesion of the fiber matrix; |
· Composites with 6% NaOH-treated jute fabric had the best result. Their tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and flexural modulus improved by 37%, 72%, 23%, and 72%, respectively, compared with composites reinforced with untreated fabrics. |
Müssig et al. (2020)Müssig, J., Amaducci, S., Bourmaud, A., Beaugrand, J., & Shah, D. U. (2020). Transdisciplinary top-down review of hemp fibre composites: from an advanced product design to crop variety selection. Composites Part C: Open Access, 2, 100010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.1...
|
Germany |
Hemp |
· Selection should be based on crop variety, to achieve a more consistent fiber quality; |
· Further developing product design using hemp biocomposites as structural components, for example, for wind turbine blades, and evaluating structural properties at multiple scales is needed to support the use of hemp composites on an industrial scale. |
Karim et al. (2021)Karim, N., Sarker, F., Afroj, S., Zhang, M., Potluri, P., & Novoselov, K. S. (2021). Sustainable and multifunctional composites of graphene-based natural jute fibers. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 5(3), 2000228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000228...
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United Kingdom |
Jute |
· When the jute fibers were coated in graphene and then used in composites, Young’s modulus (a mechanical property that measures the stiffness of solid materials) increased from 30 GPa (jute composite without graphene coating) to 78 GPa, achieving a value 18% higher than S-glass (composite of silicon, aluminum, and magnesium oxides) and 40% higher than E-glass (composite of silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and boron oxides); |
· The graphite-coated jute fiber performs mechanically better and is environmentally advantageous to the synthetic glass fiber due to its potential for carbon capture and storage. |
Nurazzi et al. (2021)Nurazzi, N. M., Asyraf, M. R. M., Athiyah, S. F., Shazleen, S. S., Rafiqah, S. A., Harussani, M. M., Kamarudin, S. H., Razman, M. R., Rahmah, M., Zainudin, E. S., Ilyas, R. A., Aisyah, H. A., Norrrahim, M. N. F., Abdullah, N., Sapuan, S. M., & Khalina, A. (2021). A review on mechanical performance of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites for structural applications. Polymers, 13(13), 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132170. PMid:34209030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132170...
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Malaysia |
Jute |
· Jute fiber hybrid composites have been widely used in various structural and engineering applications: aeronautical, marine, construction, automotive, and sporting goods; |
· Regarding stiffness and cost, plant fiber polymer composites are becoming increasingly competitive with other synthetic polymer composites. Tensile and impact strength values are approaching those of synthetic composites. |