Concept and categories
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EEE or its end-of-life parts that have been discarded by the owner are considered WEEE (e-waste). |
Baldé et al. (2017)Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Ilankoon et al. (2018)Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018. PMid:30509588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018....
, Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
, Xavier et al. (2017Xavier, L. H., Lins, F. A. F., Nascimento, H. F. F., Bellan, I. O., Ribeiro, F., Caldas, M. B., Silva, L. O. S., Zomer, B., Araujo, R. A., Dias Filho, O. O., Reinol, P. C., Fagundes, R. L., & Gusmão, A. C. F. (2017). Manual para a destinação de resíduos eletroeletrônicos: orientação ao cidadão sobre como dispor adequadamente os resíduos eletroeletrônicos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Cetem. Retrieved in 2021, November 6, from http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/bitstream/cetem/2119/1/Manual%20para%20a%20destina%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20de%20res%c3%adduos%20eletr%c3%b4nicos.pdf http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/bitstream/...
, 2019aXavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Nascimento, H. (2019a). Metodologia para a identificação e categorização das empresas atuantes na gestão de resíduos de equipamentos. In 2º Congresso Sul-Americano de Resíduos Sólidos e Sustentabilidade. Bauru: IBEAS. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from http://www.ibeas.org.br/conresol/conresol2019/II-014.pdf http://www.ibeas.org.br/conresol/conreso...
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Classification of EEE and WEEE follow common production line and recycling characteristics. |
Global scenario of WEEE
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Income levels, advances in technology and urbanization influence WEEE generation. |
Baldé et al. (2017)Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., United Nations (2021)United Nations. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.un.org/ https://www.un.org/...
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GDP, Per Capital GDP, population and urbanization
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Higher individual income and urbanization further increase the generation of WEEE, which surpasses the country’s GDP and population growth. |
Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
, Kusch & Hills (2017)Kusch, S., & Hills, C. D. (2017). The link between e-waste and GDP: new insights from data from the pan-European region. Resources, 6(2), 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources6020015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources60200...
, Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).
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WEEE management
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The global issue of WEEE management is related to the themes of Agenda 21 and SDGs, specifically the management of environmental and human health risks, economic feasibility, finite resources, the circular economy, informal sector, urban mining, secondary market, and illegal trade. |
Cossu & Williams (2015)Cossu, R., & Williams, I. D. (2015). Urban mining: concepts, terminology, challenges. Waste Management. Editorial., 45, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.040. PMid:26505691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015....
, Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
, Ilankoon et al. (2018)Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018. PMid:30509588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018....
, Steuer et al. (2018)Steuer, B., Ramusch, R., & Salhofer, S. (2018). Is there a future for the informal recycling sector in urban China? Detritus, 4, 189-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13725. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/201...
, Caetano et al. (2019)Caetano, M. O., Leon, L. G. D., Padilha, D. W., & Gomes, L. P. (2019). Análises de risco na operação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Gestão & Produção, 26(2), 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x3018-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x3018-...
, Silva et al. (2019)Silva, C. L., Weins, N., & Potinkara, M. (2019). Formalizing the informal? A perspective on informal waste management in the BRICS through the lens of institutional economics. Waste Management, 99, 79-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.023. PMid:31473484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019....
, Silva (2019)Silva, C. L. (2019). Política pública para o planejamento urbano territorial a partir da economia circular: reflexões e alinhamentos propositivos para as cidades brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(6), 159-172. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/5192 https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/...
, Xavier et al. (2019b)Xavier, L. Y., Jacobi, P. R., & Turra, A. (2019b). Local Agenda 21: planning for the future, changing today. Environmental Science & Policy, 101, 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019....
, Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Ottoni et al. (2020)Ottoni, M., Dias, P., & Xavier, L. H. (2020). A circular approach to the e-waste valorization through urban mining in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 120990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...
, Abalansa et al. (2021)Abalansa, S., El Mahrad, B., Icely, J., & Newton, A. (2021). Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: the GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY. Sustainability, 13(9), 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095302...
, MNCR (2021)Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis – MNCR. (2021). São Paulo. Retrieved in 2021, July 23, from http://www.mncr.org.br/ http://www.mncr.org.br/...
, United Nations (2021)United Nations. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.un.org/ https://www.un.org/...
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Legislation in developed and developing countries
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Signing the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1992, which includes certain electronic waste. |
Andersen (2022)Andersen, T. (2022). A comparative study of national variations of the European WEEE directive: manufacturer’s view. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(14), 19920-19939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13206-z. PMid:33665699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-132...
, Arya & Kumar (2020)Arya, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). E-waste in India at a glance: current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...
, Awasthi et al. (2018)Awasthi, A. K., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Awasthi, M. K., & Li, J. (2018). E-waste management in India: a mini review. Waste Management & Research, 36(5), 408-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18767038. PMid:29732961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X187670...
, Baldé et al. (2017)Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Basel Convention (2021)Basel Convention. (2021). Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. Retrieved in 2021, November 1, from http://www.basel.int/ http://www.basel.int/...
, Brasil (2010Brasil. (2010, 2 de agosto). Lei nº 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_a...
, 2020Brasil. (2020, 12 de fevereiro). Decreto nº 10.240, de 12 de fevereiro de 2020. Implementação de sistema de logística reversa de produtos eletroeletrônicos e seus componentes de uso doméstico. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2020/Decreto/D10240.htm http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_At...
), Cui & Zhang (2018)Cui, T., & Zhang, J. (2018). Bibliometric and review of the research on circular economy through the evolution of Chinese public policy. Scientometrics, 116(2), 1013-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2782-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-278...
, European Commission (2021a)European Commission. (2021a). Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en...
, Fan & Fang (2020)Fan, Y., & Fang, C. (2020). Circular economy development in China-current situation, evaluation and policy implications. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 84, 106441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.10...
, Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Guimarães & Ribeiro (2016)Guimarães, K., & Ribeiro, F. (2016). Logística reversa de embalagens em geral: avaliação do Acordo Setorial a partir das recomendações internacionais. In Anais do 18º Encontro Internacional sobre Gestão Empresarial e Meio Ambiente (ENGEMA). São Paulo: FEA-USP., Guo et al. (2017)Guo, B., Geng, Y., Sterr, T., Zhu, Q., & Liu, Y. (2017). Investigating public awareness on circular economy in western China: a case of Urumqi Midong. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2177-2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016...
, JICA (2012)Japan International Cooperation Agency – JICA. (2012). Resíduos sólidos no Japão e política sobre a reciclagem. In Seminário Brasil-Japão sobre Reciclagem de Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos. Brasília: MDIC., Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
, McDowall et al. (2017)McDowall, W., Geng, Y., Huang, B., Barteková, E., Bleischwitz, R., Türkeli, S., Kemp, R., & Doménech, T. (2017). Circular economy policies in China and Europe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 651-661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597...
, Milios (2018)Milios, L. (2018). Advancing to a Circular Economy: three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix. Sustainability Science, 13(3), 861-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0502-9. PMid:30147792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-050...
, Patil & Ramakrishna (2020)Patil, R. A., & Ramakrishna, S. (2020). A comprehensive analysis of e-waste legislation worldwide. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(13), 14412-14431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07992-1. PMid:32162230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-079...
, Tong et al. (2018aTong, X., Tao, D., & Lifset, R. (2018a). Varieties of business models for post-consumer recycling in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 665-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017...
, bTong, X., Wang, T., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2018b). Towards an inclusive circular economy: quantifying the spatial flows of e-waste through the informal sector in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 163-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
), Turaga et al. (2019)Turaga, R. M. R., Bhaskar, K., Sinha, S., Hinchliffe, D., Hemkhaus, M., Arora, R., Chatterjee, S., Khetriwal, D. S., Radulovic, V., Singhal, P., & Sharma, H. (2019). E-waste management in India: issues and strategies. Vikalpa, 44(3), 127-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02560909198806...
, Xavier et al. (2021)Xavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Lepawsky, J. (2021). Circular economy and e-waste management in the Americas: brazilian and Canadian frameworks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021...
, Zhao & Bai (2021)Zhao, X., & Bai, X. (2021). How to motivate the producers’ green innovation in WEEE recycling in China? An analysis based on evolutionary game theory. Waste Management, 122, 26-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.027. PMid:33476959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020....
, Zhou et al. (2017)Zhou, W., Zheng, Y., & Huang, W. (2017). Competitive advantage of qualified WEEE recyclers through EPR legislation. European Journal of Operational Research, 257(2), 641-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.07.050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.07...
, Zhu et al. (2019)Zhu, J., Fan, C., Shi, H., & Shi, L. (2019). Efforts for a circular economy in China: a comprehensive review of policies. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 110-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12754...
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Predominant management of Extended Producer Responsibility in both cases. Brazil embraces shared responsibility. |
Developed countries: specific laws for WEEE management starting in the 2000s and advancing towards regulations aligned with the circular economy from the beginning of the production cycle. Collection and treatment are undertaken by formal sectors. |
Developing countries: specific laws for the management of WEEE from the late 2000s. Emphasis on proper management of hazardous waste and recycling of materials. The collection and treatment of electronic waste are largely undertaken by informal sectors. Legislation advances from the treatment of WEEE to the circular economy. |
Eco-design
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Eco-design: projects that include replacing raw materials with more sustainable materials, reducing product and packaging volume, extending the shelf life of products, designing for reuse, remanufacturing and recycling. |
Moreno et al. (2016)Moreno, M., De los Rios, C., Rowe, Z., & Charnley, F. (2016). A conceptual framework for circular design. Sustainability, 8(9), 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090937...
, Den Hollander et al. (2017)Den Hollander, M. C., Bakker, C. A., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). Product design in a circular economy: development of a typology of key concepts and terms. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 517-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12610...
, Gu et al. (2017)Gu, F., Ma, B., Guo, J., Summers, P. A., & Hall, P. (2017). Internet of things and Big Data as potential solutions to the problems in waste electrical and electronic equipment management: an exploratory study. Waste Management, 68, 434-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.037. PMid:28757222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017....
, Kapuran (2018)Kapuran, G. A. (2018). Eco-design in electrical and electronic products. Tehnika, 73(2), 285-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802285K. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802285...
, Wastling et al. (2018)Wastling, T., Charnley, F., & Moreno, M. (2018). Design for circular behaviour: considering users in a circular economy. Sustainability, 10(6), 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061743...
, Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Micheaux & Aggeri (2021)Micheaux, H., & Aggeri, F. (2021). Eco-modulation as a driver for eco-design: a dynamic view of the French collective EPR scheme. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...
, European Commission (2021b)European Commission. (2021b). Sustainable product policy & eco-design. Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/product-policy-and-ecodesign_en https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sus...
, Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2021)Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://www.circulardesignguide.com/ https://www.circulardesignguide.com/...
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Cleaner production
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Cleaner Production: optimizing production processes and reducing the costs involved. Use of advanced technologies to produce more efficient and sustainable EEE and promote the reuse of WEEE. |
Alves & Oliveira (2007)Alves, S. M., & Oliveira, J. F. G. D. (2007). Adequação ambiental dos processos usinagem utilizando Produção mais limpa como estratégia de gestão ambiental. Production, 17(1), 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007000100009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007...
, Silva et al. (2015)Silva, A. L. E., Moraes, J. A. R., & Machado, Ê. L. (2015). Proposta de produção mais limpa voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 20(1), 29-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015020000087843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015...
, Hens et al. (2018)Hens, L., Block, C., Cabello-Eras, J. J., Sagastume-Gutierez, A., Garcia-Lorenzo, D., Chamorro, C., Herrera Mendoza, K., Haeseldonckx, D., & Vandecasteele, C. (2018). On the evolution of “Cleaner Production” as a concept and a practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3323-3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017...
, Rajput & Singh (2020)Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Industry 4.0 model for circular economy and cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...
, Shayganmehr et al. (2021)Shayganmehr, M., Kumar, A., Garza-Reyes, J. A., & Moktadir, M. A. (2021). Industry 4.0 enablers for a cleaner production and circular economy within the context of business ethics: a study in a developing country. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 125280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...
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Reverse logistics
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Use of advanced technologies to produce more efficient and sustainable EEE and to promote the reuse of WEEE. |
Silva et al. (2015)Silva, A. L. E., Moraes, J. A. R., & Machado, Ê. L. (2015). Proposta de produção mais limpa voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 20(1), 29-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015020000087843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015...
, Ghisolfi et al. (2017)Ghisolfi, V., Chaves, G. D. L. D., Siman, R. R., & Xavier, L. H. (2017). System dynamics applied to closed loop supply chains of desktops and laptops in Brazil: a perspective for social inclusion of waste pickers. Waste Management, 60, 14-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.018. PMid:28034614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....
, Islam & Huda (2018)Islam, M. T., & Huda, N. (2018). Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)/E-waste: a comprehensive literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 137, 48-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
, Tong et al. (2018a)Tong, X., Tao, D., & Lifset, R. (2018a). Varieties of business models for post-consumer recycling in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 665-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017...
, Isernia et al. (2019)Isernia, R., Passaro, R., Quinto, I., & Thomas, A. (2019). The reverse supply chain of the e-waste management processes in a circular economy framework: evidence from Italy. Sustainability, 11(8), 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082430...
, Lopes dos Santos (2020)Lopes dos Santos, K. (2020). The recycling of e-waste in the Industrialised Global South: the case of Sao Paulo Macrometropolis. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(1), 56-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1790373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020....
, Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Tosarkani et al. (2020)Tosarkani, B. M., Amin, S. H., & Zolfagharinia, H. (2020). A scenario-based robust possibilistic model for a multi-objective electronic reverse logistics network. International Journal of Production Economics, 224, 107557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.10...
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Reverse Logistics: reverse flow of WEEE to producers for the reuse of their materials or environmentally safe disposal. |
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