Community development projects
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The first conglomerate is related to community development projects design. Studies on this topic are focused on reinforcing the importance of social capital, such as the ability to promote community resilience in the management of community resources and attachment to place in community development. Likewise, the works show that it is necessary to review the problems of indigenous communities to ensure their source of livelihood and general well-being; therefore, the projects are characterized by the participation of all members of the community in collective decisions, maintaining respect for the rights of all stakeholders and not just for those represented on the board of directors. |
Biczkowski (2020)Biczkowski, M. (2020). LEADER as a mechanism of neo-endogenous development of rural areas: the case of Poland. Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development, 24(4), 232-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0041. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-004...
; Butler (2021)Butler, M. (2021). Analyzing community forest enterprises in the Maya Biosphere Reserve using the framework of a modified capital. World Development, 140, 105284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.202...
; Chowdhooree et al. (2020)Chowdhooree, I., Dawes, L., & Sloan, M. (2020). Scopes of community participation in development for adaptation: Experiences from the Haor region of Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.1...
; Coral Guerrero (2018)Coral Guerrero, C. A. (2018). Emprendimiento indígena ¿Una dimensión económica del Sumak Kawsay? REVESCO: Revista de Estudios Cooperativos, 129, 123-141. http:/dx.doi.org/10.5209/REVE.62849. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/10.5209...
; Del Valle (2020)Del Valle, A. R. (2020). Unworking community: cultural imaginaries, expected life, and the politics of division. Journal for Cultural Research, 24(2), 113-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2020.1776456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2020....
; Emina & Ikegbu (2020)Emina, K. A., & Ikegbu, E. A. (2020). The role of the military to National Development in Nigeria. Social Space Scientific Journal, 2, 185-208. Retrieved in 2022, September 13, from http://socialspacejournal.eu/Social%20Space%20Journal%2022020(20).pdf http://socialspacejournal.eu/Social%20Sp...
; Fox (2020)Fox, J. (2020). Contested terrain: international development projects and countervailing power for the excluded. World Development, 133, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.202...
; González et al. (2018)González, M. R., Sasidharan, V., Álvarez Hernández, J. A., & Azpeitia Herrera, L. D. (2018). Quality and sustainability of tourism development in Copper Canyon, Mexico: perceptions of community stakeholders and visitors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27, 91-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.05.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.05....
; Haugh (2021)Haugh, H. M. (2021). The governance of entrepreneurial community ventures: how do conflicting community interests influence opportunity exploitation? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 16, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e0...
; Moore (2021)Moore, T. (2021). Planning for place: place attachment and the founding of rural community land trusts. Journal of Rural Studies, 83, 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.202...
; Musavengane & Kloppers (2020)Musavengane, R., & Kloppers, R. (2020). Social capital: an investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100...
; Hughes & Scheyvens (2021)Hughes, E., & Scheyvens, R. (2021). Tourism partnerships: harnessing tourist compassion to ‘do good’ through community development in Fiji. World Development, 145, 105529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.202...
; Sáenz (2021)Sáenz, C. (2021). Community partnership and ownership as crucial factors of community strategies. A Peruvian case study. Resources Policy, 74, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.20...
; Saifullah et al. (2021)Saifullah, M., Masud, M., & Kari, F. (2021). Vulnerability context and wellbeing factors of Indigenous community development: a study of Peninsular Malaysia. Alternative, 17(1), 94-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180121995166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801219951...
; Smets et al. (2020)Smets, J., De Blust, G., Verheyden, W., Wanner, S., van Acker, M., & Turkelboom, F. (2020). Starting a participative approach to develop local green infrastructure: from boundary concept to collective action. Sustainability, 12(23), 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310107...
; Torres-Rivera et al. (2021)Torres-Rivera, A. D., San Miguel, J. A. S. R., & Silva, R. F. (2021). Social innovation and sustainable territorial public policies: communities of Oaxaca-Mexico. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 17(2), 351-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v17i2.6347. http://dx.doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v17i2.6...
; Uduji & Okolo-Obasi (2018)Uduji, J. I., & Okolo-Obasi, O. E. (2018). Corporate social responsibility initiatives in Nigeria and rural women livestock keepers in oil host communities. Social Responsibility Journal, 15(8), 1008-1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-01-2018-0025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-01-2018-00...
; Downey & Threlkeld (2020)Downey, H., & Threlkeld, G. (2020). ‘How can the governance of communities that care interventions be enhanced by understandings of community development?: a case study in rural Australia. Community Development Journal: An International Forum, 56(3), 487-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa012...
; Fry & Hilburn (2020)Fry, M., & Hilburn, A. (2020). The distributional justice of oil industry social development projects and oil field production activities. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 647-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.03.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.03...
; Jha (2022)Jha, M. K. (2022). ‘Stateless’ Rohingyas: persecution, displacement and complex community development. Community Development Journal: An International Forum, 57(2), 192-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa045...
; McArdle & Murray (2021)McArdle, O., & Murray, U. (2021). Fit for measure? Evaluation in community development. Community Development Journal: An International Forum, 56(3), 432-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa005...
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Another conclusion is that community development projects in indigenous communities allow communities to be empowered around indigenous principles and to respect their worldview to maintain community relations through the Minga, food sovereignty, and political empowerment that contribute to discussing proposed public policies from the periphery to the center. |
The planning process for any development activity must address the problem of the disaster and prioritize community concerns so that any development can promote adaptation. Thus, the processes of community participation, conflicts, and disagreements must be reported to strengthen the responsibility of the community project before the interested parties. |
It is essential to establish the route for the systematization of actions that allow the use of the resources and capacities of the community in order to facilitate the configuration of social innovation processes as a condition of territorial development with a sustainable approach. Thus, local leadership is also empowered and open to alternative approaches that allow community agency. |
Indigenous Entrepreneurship
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The second cluster of studies is related to designing indigenous entrepreneurship projects, whose common characteristics are using available local resources to achieve self-sufficiency and self-determination and lack of technological support. Thus, activities are carried out as the needs of the communities arise. Hence, their history is decisive to create a competitive advantage for indigenous businesses and companies through a human rights approach by empowering members and their independent businesses. Product differentiation focuses on cultural authenticity, sustainability, and fair-trade practices based on principles. An internal accreditation system for compliance with the principles as well as quality control and product traceability is being implemented so that consumers can verify the ethical credibility of the products and the brand. |
April & Itenge (2020)April, W. I., & Itenge, D. I. (2020). Fostering indigenous entrepreneurship amongst San people: an exploratory case of Tsumkwe. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 24(4), 496-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2020.106955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2020.1069...
; Barr et al. (2018)Barr, T. L., Reid, J., Catska, P., Varona, G., & Rout, M. (2018). development of indigenous enterprise in a contemporary business environment - the Ngāi Tahu Ahikā approach. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 12(4), 454-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-05-2016-0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-05-2016-00...
; Vázquez-Maguirre (2020b)Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2020b). Building sustainable rural communities through indigenous social enterprises: a humanistic approach. Sustainability, 12(22), 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229643. PMid:35136666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229643...
; Castillo et al. (2020)Castillo, L. A., Ordoñez, A. D. Y., Giraldo, V. L. C., & Gallego, M. D. L. (2020). Participation of indigenous women in rural entrepreneurship as an agent of change: a literature review. Revista ESPACIOS, 41(45), 257-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n43p19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v...
; Croce (2019a)Croce, F. (2019a). Indigenous entrepreneurship, society, and the dimensions of diversity: an overview of the Canadian national context: variety within diversity management. Advanced Series in Management, 21, 359-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1877-636120190000021017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1877-63612019...
; Gainsford & Evans (2020)Gainsford, A., & Evans, M. (2020). Integrating pedagogical philosophy with Indigenous teaching and learning. Management Learning, 52(5), 559-580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507620972528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13505076209725...
; Hirsch (2020)Hirsch, E. (2020). Hidden treasures: marca Perú (Peru) and the recoding of neoliberal indigeneity in the Andes. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 15(3), 245-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2020.1798077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2020....
Jongwe et al. (2020)Jongwe, A. I., Moroz, P. W., Gordon, M., & Anderson, R. B. (2020). Strategic alliances in firm-centric and collective contexts: implications for indigenous entrepreneurship. Economies, 8(2), 1-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8020031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies80200...
; Kawharu (2019)Kawharu, M. (2019). Reinterpreting the value chain in an indigenous community enterprise context. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 13(3), 242-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2018-0079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2018-00...
; MacPherson et al. (2021)MacPherson, W., Tretiakov, A., Mika, J., & Felzensztein, C. (2021). Indigenous entrepreneurship: insights from Chile and New Zealand. Journal of Business Research, 127, 77-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021...
; Mika et al. (2019aMika, J. P., Fahey, N., & Bensemann, J. (2019a). What counts as an indigenous enterprise? Evidence from Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 13(3), 372-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2018-0102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2018-01...
, bMika, J. P., Smith, G. H., Gillies, A., & Wiremu, F. (2019b). Unfolding tensions within post-settlement governance and tribal economies in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 13(3), 296-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2018-0104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2018-01...
); Molina-Ramírez & Barba-Sánchez (2021)Molina-Ramírez, E., & Barba-Sánchez, V. (2021). Embeddedness is a differentiating element of indigenous entrepreneurship: insights from Mexico. Sustainability, 13(4), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042117...
; Mrabure (2019)Mrabure, R. O. (2019). Indigenous business success: a hybrid perspective. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy., 13(1-2), 24-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10-2018-0076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10-2018-00...
; Mrabure et al. (2018)Mrabure, R., Ruwhiu, D., & Gray, B. (2018). Indigenous entrepreneurial orientation: a Māori perspective. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(1), 62-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.43...
; Onwuegbuzie & Mafimisebi (2021)Onwuegbuzie, H. N., & Mafimisebi, O. P. (2021). Global relevance of scaling African indigenous entrepreneurship. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.202...
; Pallarès et al. (2018)Pallarès, M., Vera, A., & Tulla, A. (2018). Entrepreneurship and innovation of women: towards greater sustainability in rural mountain areas. Cuadernos Geográficos de la Universidad de Granada, 57(3), 36-57. Retrieved in 2022, September 13, from https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cuadgeo/article/view/5770 https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cua...
; Tamtik (2020)Tamtik, M. (2020). Informing Canadian innovation policy through a decolonizing lens on indigenous entrepreneurship and innovation. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 50(3), 63-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.vi0.188773. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.vi0.1887...
; Thakhathi (2019)Thakhathi, I. A. (2019). Creative start-up capital raising for inclusive, sustainable development: a case study of Boswa ba Rona Development Corporation’s self-reliance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019...
; Thakur & Ray (2020)Thakur, S. S., & Ray, A. S. (2020). Dynamism and performance of indigenous entrepreneurs: role of tribal culture and failure of policy incentives in Mizoram (India). International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 41(1), 129-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.109435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.109...
; Tipu & Sarker (2020)Tipu, S. A. A., & Sarker, A. E. (2020). Developing an integrative dynamic framework of indigenous entrepreneurship: the case of United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(5), 441-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1672184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019....
; Tretiakov et al. (2020)Tretiakov, A., Felzensztein, C., Zwerg, A. M., Mika, J. P., & Macpherson, W. G. (2020). Family, community, and globalization: wayuu indigenous entrepreneurs as n-Culturals. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 27(2), 189-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-01-2019-0025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-01-2019-0...
; Trupp et al.(2021)Trupp, A., Matatolu, I., & Movono, A. (2021). Gender and benefit-sharing in indigenous tourism microentrepreneurship. In D. B. Morais (Ed.), Bridging tourism theory and practice (pp. 51-63). Bingley: Emerald Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320210000012005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2042-14432021...
; Vázquez-Maguirre (2020b)Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2020b). Building sustainable rural communities through indigenous social enterprises: a humanistic approach. Sustainability, 12(22), 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229643. PMid:35136666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229643...
; Weaven et al. (2019)Weaven, S., Frazer, L., Brimble, M., Bodle, K., Roussety, M., & Thaichon, P. (2019). Encouraging indigenous self-employment in franchising. In V. Ratten, P. Jones, V. Braga & C.S. Marques (Eds.), Subsistence entrepreneurship: contributions to management science. Cham: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11542-5_6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-1154...
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However, to mobilize rural entrepreneurship, particularly indigenous entrepreneurship, issues such as agency, gender, and decoloniality must be articulated and deepened. This is to balance their cultural values and economic aspirations, which allow building and consolidating a collective and transforming identity that fits the projects. In addition, education and intercultural relations can be vital elements to indigenous position companies as an essential component to promote the economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. |
Indigenous entrepreneurship does not stem from the same motivations as Western entrepreneurship; it is closer to social entrepreneurship due to the socio-cultural context in which it is developed and to decision-making in community consensus. However, there is a lack of human capital and institutional capacity to suddenly transform indigenous entrepreneurship into highly sophisticated forms of organization that may seem contrary to indigenous ideologies. |
Indigenous projects
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The third conglomerate of studies is focused on analyzing indigenous projects; there are works on the entrepreneurial experiences of indigenous communities that are an essential key to understanding structural inequalities at different levels in social contexts and managing to design successful projects. Similarly, the discourse on the compatibility between contemporary development models and indigenous value systems is essential since most traditional societies are committed to modernity and cultural values. Therefore, the identification of similarities contributes to identifying the patterns of demand for indigenous products and building a more global profile of the consumers of these products. |
Annandale et al. (2021)Annandale, M., Meadows, J., & Erskine, P. (2021). Indigenous forest livelihoods and bauxite mining: a case study from northern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113014. PMid:34144319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021...
; Atlas et al. (2021)Atlas, W. I., Ban, N. C., Moore, J. W., Tuohy, A. M., Greening, S., Reid, A. J., Morven, N., White, E., Housty, W. G., Housty, J. A., Service, C. N., Greba, L., Harrison, S., Sharpe, C., Butts, K. I. R., Shepert, W. M., Sweeney-Bergen, E., Macintyre, D., Sloat, M. R., & Connors, K. (2021). Indigenous systems of management for culturally and ecologically resilient pacific salmon (oncorhynchus spp.) fisheries. Bioscience, 71(2), 186-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa144. PMid:33613129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa144...
; Boadu et al. (2021)Boadu, E. S., Ile, I., & Oduro, M. Y. (2021). Indigenizing participation for sustainable community-based development programs in Ghana. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(7), 1658-1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620979333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096209793...
; Chercoles et al. (2021)Chercoles, R., Ruhanen, L., Axelsen, M., & Hughes, K. (2021). Indigenous tourism in Panama: segmenting international visitors. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(2), 123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1782923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020....
; Croce (2019b)Croce, F. (2019b). Indigenous women entrepreneurship: analysis of a promising research theme at the intersection of indigenous entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(6), 1013-1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1630659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019....
; Dutta & Elers (2020)Dutta, M., & Elers, S. (2020). Public relations, indigeneity, and colonization: indigenous resistance as the dialogic anchor. Public Relations Review, 46(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019....
; Eglash et al. (2019)Eglash, R., Lachney, M., Babbitt, W., Bennett, A., Reinhardt, M., & Davis, J. (2019). Decolonizing education with Anishinaabe arcs: generative STEM as a path to indigenous futurity. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(3), 1569-1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09728-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-097...
; Howard et al. (2020)Howard, K., Anderson, K., Cunningham, J., Cass, A., Ratcliffe, J., Whop, L. J., Dickson, M., Viney, R., Mulhern, B., Tong, A., & Garvey, G. (2020). What Matters 2 Adults: A study protocol to develop a new preference-based wellbeing measure with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults (Wm2adults). BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09821-z. PMid:33203391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-098...
; Jolly & Thompson-Fawcett (2021)Jolly, D., & Thompson-Fawcett, M. (2021). Enhancing Indigenous impact assessment: lessons from Indigenous planning theory. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 87, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.10...
; Maclean et al. (2022)Maclean, K., Woodward, E., Jarvis, D., Turpin, G., Rowland, D., & Rist, P. (2022). Decolonizing knowledge co-production: examining the role of positionality and partnerships to support Indigenous-led bush product enterprises in northern Australia. Sustainability Science, 17(2), 333-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00973-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-009...
; Maracle et al. (2020)Maracle, S., Bergier, A., Anderson, K., & Neepin, R. (2020). The work of a leader is to carry the bones of the people: exploring female-led articulation of Indigenous knowledge in an urban setting. Alternative, 16(4), 281-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180120954441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801209544...
; Pickerill (2018)Pickerill, J. (2018). Black and green: the future of Indigenous-environmentalist relations in Australia. Environmental Politics, 27(6), 1122-1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1466464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018....
; Ramírez Velázquez (2019)Ramírez Velázquez, C. A. (2019). Information and autonomy as guiding axes for indigenous community development. Investigación Bibliotecológica, 34(83), 71-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iibi.24488321xe.2020.83.58141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iibi.24488321...
; Jackson (2019)Jackson, T. (2019). Why is indigenous entrepreneurship important to cross-cultural management scholarship? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 3-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595819840824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14705958198408...
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Similarly, studies reveal that indigenous projects must be based on a multigenerational understanding of the links between products, people, and ecosystems, to promote adaptive learning, long-term and anticipatory planning logics of indigenous peoples, the need to leave space for the indigenous agency, the importance of indigenous-led processes, and efforts from an indigenous perspective. |
An indigenous project design requires an effort of decolonization, self-determination, and construction of territory, which maintains indigenous values and preferences. Thus, the leaders who design these projects can protect indigenous intellectual and cultural property through appropriate methodologies, the participation of the “right” people (socially, culturally, and politically), and debates to guarantee that research generates benefits to their communities. |
Social projects
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Studies that address social projects are grouped in the fourth conglomerate, considering three informative dimensions: the description, the financial aspects, and the scope of the projects. In this regard, one of the findings indicate that these projects can only be successful if the development of community clusters can attract all the resources and talents and fully participate in the community intervention plans and programs. Every time, they must be developed from the promotion and creation of processing and value addition through the convergence of existing schemes and programs. |
Alsaid & Ambilichu (2020)Alsaid, L., & Ambilichu, C. (2020). The influence of institutional pressures on the implementation of a performance measurement system in an Egyptian social enterprise. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 18(1), 53-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-03-2020-0027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-03-2020-0...
; Block et al. (2021)Block, J. H., Hirschmann, M., & Fisch, C. (2021). Which criteria matter when impact investors screen social enterprises? Journal of Corporate Finance, 66, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.202...
; Chandra (2018)Chandra, Y. (2018). New narratives of development work? Making sense of social entrepreneurs’ development narratives across time and economies. World Development, 107, 306-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.201...
Cook et al. (2021)Cook, B. R., Satizábal, P., & Curnow, J. (2021). Humanizing agricultural extension: a review. World Development, 140, 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.202...
; Silva et al. (2018)Silva, I., Costa, P., Gohn, M., & Ramacciotti, C. (2018). Formação do empreendedor social e a educação formal e não formal: um estudo a partir de narrativas de história de vida. Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, 26, 471-504. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362018002600960. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-4036201800...
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This projects design is characterized by the facilitation offered by social relations, shared cultural values, and local knowledge, which meet specific needs that neither the market economy nor the government will meet. Therefore, such design must be reviewed through configurable stages, which offer freedom to define different elements in their drafting and structuring, which indicate that they should focus on the identification and design stages. |
It is essential to analyze culture and its functions of orientation, integration of values, and normative integration. At the same time, the behavior of the various stakeholders is reviewed, and their interests are aligned. This implies analyzing the perceptions, motivations, and practices of prosocial behavior of the people involved in the project, which generate support networks. Hence, the trajectory of social leadership and the motivation for social entrepreneurship are permeated by education and attitudes towards social learning. |
A project will work for the result itself and to increase the motivation of the participants who can be given a choice between being needs-oriented or real means-oriented to achieve the objectives. In both cases, the relevance of risk management and the need to appropriately assign responsibilities must be understood to reduce the uncertainty that may hinder project management in general. |