Phenotyping and selecting parents for ornamental purposes in chili pepper accessions

hb Horticultura Brasileira Hortic. Bras. 0102-0536 Associação Brasileira de Horticultura The market for ornamental peppers in Brazil is arising and breeding new cultivars adapted to Brazilian environmental conditions is necessary. This work describes the characterization of 22 pepper accessions (Capsicum spp.) considering traits related to ornamental purposes, analyzes the genetic dissimilarity among the accessions and indicates promising genotypes that can be used as parental in crosses. Thirteen qualitative and eight quantitative descriptors were studied. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse using a randomized block design with three replications and four plants per plot. UPGMA clustered the accessions in 11 groups for qualitative and eight groups for quantitative descriptors. Data joint analyses using Gower´s algorithm resulted in 10 clusters, a similar pattern observed for qualitative characters (77% of similarity). Fruit length was the most important trait to discriminate the accessions while changing color during fruit ripening was less important in accessions discrimination. However, this descriptor cannot be discarded during phenotyping because it is a very important trait aiming ornamental breeding. Desirable traits for ornamental use as small height, intermediate growth habit, three to five stages for fruit ripening maturation, early flowering and fruit set were identified in five accessions (UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1627, UENF 1632 and UENF 1750). Other seven accessions (UENF 1615, UENF 1641, UENF 1717, UENF 1738, UENF 1741, UENF 1790 and UENF 1799) had also ornamental interest for garden growing because of the plant height, along with fruit color, size and shape. Accessions UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1627, UENF 1632 and UENF 1750 can be recommended for crosses seeking pepper ornamental breeding, based on genetic divergence and suitable agronomic traits. The consumer market of peppers has recorded significant growth demanding new cultivars specifically developed to be used as ornamental plants (Rêgo et al., 2012). The attractive and aesthetic value of ornamental peppers is mainly due to the change of color during the ripening of fruits, as well as to the different shapes and sizes of fruits (Fabri, 2006). Pepper plants show morphological diversity such as variegated foliage, short stature, and fruits with varied coloration in the different maturation stages that contrast with the foliage giving them ornamental value. These characters associated with the possibility to grow plants in small pots results in an interesting combination endowing peppers for use as decorative indoor flower pot product, attracting even those who do not like to eat the fruit, but want to enjoy them for ornamental purposes (Stommel & Bosland, 2005; Carvalho et al., 2006). Despite the great variability and attractiveness, studies on peppers for ornamental purposes in plant breeding programs in Brazil are still scarce (Rêgo et al., 2013) and the number of breeders acting in the ornamental market is much smaller when compared with other fields of action (Ramalho et al., 2010). However, Capsicum germplasm kept in Brazilian collections show wide variability that can be used in breeding with the aim of developing new Capsicum cultivars for ornamental purpose (Neitzke et al., 2010). Information available on the accessions kept in germplasm banks generated from morpho-agronomical studies and from genotypic and phenotypic differences is directly linked to their use in genetic breeding programs (Sudré et al., 2010; Rêgo et al., 2011b; Signorini et al., 2013). This study aimed to characterize 22 Capsicum spp. accessions based on qualitative and quantitative descriptors related to the ornamental potential; to estimate the dissimilarity between accessions and the relative contribution of the evaluated characters and to indicate potential parental for the use in hybridizations to develop a breeding program for ornamental purposes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant material and experimental conditions - Twenty-two Capsicum spp. accessions from the germplasm collection of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (Table 1). The accessions were selected based on preliminary results obtained by Bento et al. (2007). Table 1. Passport data and means for eight quantitative characters of the 22 Capsicum spp. accessions from the germplasm collection of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) {dados de passaporte de oito caracteres quantitativos de 22 acessos de Capsicum spp. da coleção de germoplasma da UENF}. Campos dos Goytacazes, UENF, 2012. 1/HGT= plant height (altura da planta); TNF= total number of fruits (número total de frutos); LoF= length of the fruit (comprimento do fruto); DoF= diameter of the fruit (diâmetro do fruto); FRW= fruit weight (massa do fruto); DFL= days to flowering (dias até o florescimento); DFR= days to fruiting (dias até frutificação); DMF= days to change the maturity stage of the fruit (dias até mudança do estádio de maturidade do fruto); 2/Means followed by the same letter do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test (p>0.05) {médias seguidas por letras iguais na coluna, não diferem pelo teste Scott-Knott, 5%}. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, from September 2011 to March 2012. Sowing was performed in polystyrene trays (128 cells) filled with Vivatto(r) vegetable organic substrate. After the emergence of four pairs of mature leaves, seedlings were transplanted to five-liter plastic pots containing soil, sand and manure at the proportion 1:1:1. The study used randomized block design with three replicates, with four plants per plot, totaling 264 plants. Morpho-agronomical characterization - Twenty-one descriptors proposed by IPGRI (1995) were used, 13 qualitative and eight quantitative ones, observing the vegetative and reproductive traits of plants. For the qualitative descriptors (Table 2) related to the vegetative part, data were obtained from the mode of observations taken in three plants per accession in each block and for the characterization of the reproductive part, five fruits per plant were considered. Pungency analysis was based on the staining of the placenta, as described by Derera (2000). Quantitative characteristics were based on the mean values observed in each treatment in which the following items were evaluated: 1) plant height (HGT, cm, measured from the base of the plant to the highest point of the canopy, when 50% of plants had ripe fruits); 2) number of days to flowering (DFL, calculated from the sowing up to the time when at least half of the plants had at least one open flower). Regarding the fruit characteristics, the following items were evaluated: 1) total number of fruits (TNF); 2) length of the fruit (LoF); 3) diameter of the fruit (DoF); 4) fruit weight (FRW); 5) days to fruiting (DFR) and 6) days to the change of maturity stage of the fruits (DMF). For the analysis of LoF, FRW and DoF, the means from five randomly selected ripe fruits were used. LoF and DoF were measured with a digital pachymeter, expressed in millimeters (mm). FRW was equal to the mass of the fruits obtained in grams (g) carried out on an analytical balance. DFR was calculated from the transplanting up to the time when 50% of plants had ripe fruits in the first and second bifurcations, and DMF was obtained by marking the fruits, just after setting, with colored woolen yarns and by counting the number of days for color change from its initial stage to the next, until complete ripeness. Table 2. Descriptors, observed classes and evaluation period of 13 qualitative descriptors of Capsicum spp. (descritores, classes observadas e período de avaliação de 13 descritores qualitativos de Capsicum spp.). Campos dos Goytacazes, UENF, 2012. 1GH= growth habit (hábito de crescimento); SC= stem color (cor da haste); LC= leaf color (cor da folha); LS= leaf shape (formato da folha); CCO= corolla color (cor da corola); CAN= anther color (cor da antera); PFL= flower position (posição da flor); SCO= corolla shape (formato da corola); NRS= number of ripening stages (número de estádios de amadurecimento); PFR= fruit position (posição do fruto); PSF= fruit persistence (persistência do fruto); SFR= fruit shape (formato do fruto); PGY= pungency (pungência); ²International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (currently Bioversity International); 3checked with the open flower in the first flowering (avaliado com a flor aberta no primeiro florescimento); 4checked in the last ripening stage, except NRS (avaliado no último estádio de amadurecimento, exceto NRS); 5Characteristic not considered in the descriptors of IPGRI (1995) {característica não considerada na lista dos descritore do IPGRI (1995)}. Qualitative data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. As for the quantitative data, multivariate analysis was used considering Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method and the relative importance of features according to Singh (1981). Means were grouped according to Scott-Knott test (1974) and the analyses were performed by Genes software (Cruz, 2013). A common data matrix was produced including qualitative and quantitative variables. A dendrogram was constructed using Gower's algorithm (Gower, 1971; Franco et al., 2005). Gower's distance is a metric distance between two individuals (I and j) and defined as: Where Wijk is a weight given to the ijkth comparison, assigning values of 1 for valid comparisons and value of 0 for invalid comparisons (when the value of the variable is missing one or both individuals); Sijk is the contribution of the K variable to the total similarity between individuals i and j, and it takes values between 0 and 1. For a nominal variable, if the value of the K variable is the same for both individuals, i and j, then Sijk = 1; otherwise, it equals 0; for a continuous variable Sijk = 1 - | Xik - Xjk | / Rk where Xik and Xjk are the values of the K variable for the i and j individuals, respectively, and Rk is the range (maximum value minus minimum value) of the K variable in the sample. The division by Rk eliminates scale differences among variables, producing a value within the [0,1] interval and equal weighs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Qualitative traits Eleven accessions (UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1627, UENF 1641, UENF 1717, UENF 1738, UENF 1765, 1750, UENF 1751, UENF 1794 and UENF 1799) showed intermediate growth habit, while 10 accessions showed erect growth habit (UENF 1554, UENF 1615, UENF 1635, UENF 1706, UENF 1714, UENF 1741, UENF 1772, UENF 1776, UENF 1780 and UENF 1790) and UENF 1632 showed prostrate growth habit. According to Carvalho et al. (2006), the choice of ornamental plants is directly related to the height of the plant, since consumers prefer the lower-sized plants for cultivation in pots, and the growth habit is associated with the size of the plants. The accessions with growth habit varying from intermediate to prostrate tend to show a lower height and, therefore, they are more accepted in the market of ornamental plants. The predominance of oval shape (13 accessions) was observed in the characterization of leaf shape, with the exception of accessions UENF 1554, UENF 1615, UENF 1635, UENF 1738, UENF 1765, UENF 1776, UENF 1790 and UENF 1794 which showed deltoid shape and accession UENF 1627 which showed lanceolate leaves. The color of the leaves for the most of the accessions was green, except UENF 1750, which showed dark green leaves. The predominant color of the stem was green, with the exception of accession UENF 1750, with green stem with purple stripes, and UENF 1751, which stem was purple. The color and shape of leaves and stems are also important on the aesthetic aspects, which provide appeal to ornamental peppers, which stems are generally green without branches and the green leaves contrast with the diversity of fruits color and show lanceolate shape. Regarding the color of the corolla, there were 12 accessions with white color and one accession (UENF 1750) with purple color and also purple stripes. Of the 22 evaluated accessions, twelve (UENF 1615, UENF 1635, UENF 1706, UENF 1714, UENF 1738, UENF 1751, UENF 1765, UENF 1772, UENF 1776, UENF 1780, UENF 1790 and UENF 1794) showed different color from the one presented in the descriptors, being classified as others and being named as follows: greenish white; white with yellow spots; white with green spots; greenish white with purple midline of petals. For the anther color, the accessions UENF 1554, UENF 1641, UENF 1741, UENF 1772, UENF 1776, UENF 1780, UENF 1790 and UENF 1794, showed blue anthers; on the other hand, the accessions UENF 1706, UENF 1750 and UENF 1751 showed purple color; four other accessions (UENF 1623, UENF 1714, UENF 1738 and UENF 1765) showed yellow anthers and seven accessions were classified as others, such as: green and brown. The scorolla shape that prevailed among the accessions was circular, except for the accessions UENF 1635 and UENF 1714, which showed campanulate shape. As for flower position, four accessions (UENF 1554, UENF 1615, UENF 1641 and UENF 1772) showed an intermediate flower position and the other 18 accessions were erect. Floral morphological characteristics are important in the identification of the species Capsicum (Viñals et al., 1996; Moreira et al., 2006), besides the fact that the color variation in the anthers contrasting with the petals and the presence of pigmentations denote beauty and attract attention in the stages prior to fruiting. Accessions UENF 1571, UENF 1615, UENF 1741, UENF 1772 and UENF 1794 produced pendant fruits, accessions UENF 1554, UENF 1706 and UENF 1765 produced fruits in intermediate position and the other accessions produced erect fruits. As for an important feature in ornamental terms, fruit persistence, with the exception of five accessions (UENF 1554, UENF 1641, UENF 1714, UENF 1738 and UENF 1765) all other accessions produced persistent fruits. According to Vieira (2002), erect fruits are showier when associated with coloring, and they are more used for indoor decoration and the fruit persistence on the plant is related to the extension of the ornamental effect. Considering the fruit shape, seven accessions (UENF 1627, UENF 1641, UENF 1741, UENF 1751, UENF 1776, UENF 1790 and UENF 1794) were elongated, six accessions (UENF 1554, UENF 1635, UENF 1717, UENF 1750, UENF 1765 and UENF 1780) were rounded, six other accessions were triangular (UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1632, UENF 1706, UENF 1714 and UENF 1799), two accessions were campanulate (UENF 1615 and UENF 1772) and accession UENF 1738 was classified as other (round with elongated top). One accession (UENF 1615) showed two ripening stages, 10 accessions three ripening stages, other 10 accessions showed four ripening stages and one accession five different ripening stages. The variation in the number of stages is important because it highlights color variations in a single plant, thus attracting the consumer's attention. According to Neitzke et al. (2010) the most important qualitative characteristics for the genus Capsicum, in relation to the aesthetic aspect for ornamental use, are related to changes in fruit color in unripe and ripe stages, and to leaf and corolla colors. The analysis of pungency of the fruits identified that only six (UENF 1717, UENF 1741, UENF 1751, UENF 1772, UENF 1780 and UENF 1799) of 22 accessions are not pungent. The absence of pungency is important due to the use of these plants in environments that can be reached by children and pets. However, pungent plants are attractive because they have dual purpose: decorative and edible. Quantitative traits There was a significant difference for most of the studied traits, except for the total number of fruits and days for the change of ripening stage of fruits, assessed by F test (p>0.05) (Table 1). Means for plant height separated the accessions into five groups, in which the highest means were between 139.0 cm (UENF 1714) and 160.1 cm (UENF 1554) and the lowest ones ranged from 32.6 cm (UENF 1632) to 53.3 cm (UENF 1626). Neitzke et al. (2010), studying the genetic dissimilarity among pepper accessions with ornamental potential, identified that plant height was the characteristic that less formed classes according to the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, recording lower variability among accessions. The same authors reported that this feature is of great importance when it comes to ornamental plants, since smaller plants are preferred and attractive for cultivation in pots. In relation to the length of the fruit, the highest means ranged from 53.5 mm (UENF 1741) to 57.9 mm (UENF 1794) and the lower ones varied from 11.3 mm (UENF 1750) to 16.5 mm (UENF 1780); for the diameter of the fruits, the highest means ranged from 17.3 mm (UENF 1765) to 18.9 mm (UENF 1635) and the lowest ones varied from 6.9 mm (UENF 1776) to 7.9 mm (UENF 1799 and UENF 1750); for fruit weight, the means were between 26.3 mm (UENF 1632) and 27.6 mm (UENF 1794) and the lowest ones ranged from 2.7 mm (UENF 1776) to 8.4 mm (UENF 1714 and UENF 1717). Fruits of smaller size and lower weight are ideal for ornamental purposes, due to the small size of the plants. Regarding precocity, the earliest accessions flowered between 21 days (UENF 1615) and 28 days (UENF 1627) and produced fruits between 29 (UENF 1615) and 32 days (UENF 1626). Relative contribution of quantitative characters By Singh's method (1981), which is used to assess the relative importance of eight quantitative characteristics, it was determined that six of them contributed with 97.64% to genetic divergence, while two of them contributed with only 2.36% (Table 3). Table 3 The characteristic that most contributed to the genetic divergence was the length of the fruit (LoF), with 31.34%, and ranged from 11.3 to 57.9 mm. According to Bento et al. (2007), this trait is very important because using this variable it is possible to determine the most appropriate way to use the accessions. These authors reported that small chili-type fruits (C. frutescens) are mostly used in industrialized sauces, while larger fruits are preferably consumed fresh. Regarding the ornamental market, the preference for plants with smaller fruit length and diameter was also observed. Another important variable for the study of divergence was plant height (HGT), with 20.32% contribution to the variability among accessions. HGT ranged from 32.6 to 160.1 cm, and this descriptor is relevant for the characterization of accessions because plants with lower size are preferred by consumers when it comes to cultivation in pots (Carvalho et al., 2006). However, plants higher than those used for the cultivation in pots may also be used in ornamental gardens (Neitzke et al., 2010). The fruit diameter was the third variable that most contributed to the divergence with 19.92%, ranging from 6.9 to 18.9 mm. This characteristic associated with fruit length is important in the harmonization of fruits with plant size. The fourth important characteristic to the divergence among accessions was days to fruiting, explaining 16.72% of the variance, with means observed from 29 to 123 days after flowering. The fifth variable that most contributed to the divergence among accessions was days to flowering, with 6.09%, ranging from 22 to 82 days after sowing. These two descriptors are important, since the fruit is the main attractive in the ornamental pepper and, in general, the earliest genotypes, in terms of flowering and fruiting, are the most desirable ones to meet the consumer market. Although fruit weight, number of fruits and days to change ripening stages have had a low contribution (3.24%, 1.48% and 0.87%, respectively) for the divergence of the evaluated accessions, these characteristics are important for the identification of accessions with ornamental potential and they should not be discarded during germplasm characterization and evaluation stages. Traits with greater contribution to genetic divergence were related to the fruit and not to the size of the plant. The same result was observed by Rêgo et al. (2011a) although Silva Neto et al. (2014) observed different results. Genotypes clustering regarding the qualitative characteristicsFigure 1 Figure 1. Dendrogram of genetic dissimilarity among 22 accessions of Capsicum spp. obtained from UPGMA method using coefficient of simple coincidence based on 13 qualitative traits (dendrograma de dissimilaridade genética entre 22 acessos de Capsicum spp., obtido pelo método UPGMA, usando coeficiente de coincidência simples, baseado em 13 características qualitativas). Campos dos Goytacazes, UENF, 2012. Group I was composed of the accessions UENF 1776, UENF 1790 and UENF 1794, which were characterized for producing persistent fruits, for having an elongated fruit and more than three ripening stages (NRS). In this group, the possible presence of duplicates was observed since the distance between accessions UENF 1776 and UENF 1790, both of C. chinense was null, although they have been collected in different municipalities of the Maranhão state. Group II was formed by accessions UENF 1741, UENF 1772 and UENF 1780 having in common the absence of pungency and NRS greater than three. Group III was formed only by accession UENF 1706 with persistent fruits, elongated shape of fruit and NRS greater than four. Group IV comprised only one accession (UENF 1615) characterized by persistent fruits. Group V was composed of accessions UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1627, UENF 1632, UENF 1717 and UENF 1799 all C. annuum var. annuum, and they were similar regarding the intermediate growth habit (GH), except for the accession UENF 1632 prostrate, persistent fruits and NRS greater than three. Group VI was formed by accessions UENF 1738 (C. baccatum var. pendulum) and UENF 1765 (C. chinense) having in common the intermediate GH and NRS greater than three; group VII had only two accessions (UENF 1554 and UENF 1641) both C. chinense with NRS greater than three. Only accession UENF 1714, with triangular fruit shape and NRS greater than three, was allocated in group VIII. Group IX was composed only of accession UENF 1635 (C. baccatum var. pendulum) and had persistent fruits and NRS equal to four. Group X was formed by accession UENF 1750 (C. annuum var. glabriusculum) that have intermediate GH, persistent fruits, and NRS equal to five. Sudré et al. (2005) recommend an accession of the same species for ornamental purposes. Group XI was formed by accession UENF 1751 (C. chinense) with intermediate GH, no pungency, persistent fruits, elongated fruit shape and NRS equal to three. Groups V and X were those allocating accessions with ornamental potential, having qualitative traits of interest for ornamental purposes, such as: an intermediate GH, persistent fruits and NRS greater than three; and they could be employed in future genetic breeding programs. Genotypes clustering regarding quantitative characteristics In the dendrogram obtained by UPGMA method for quantitative traits, eight clusters were formed (Figure 2), with the cutoff established at approximately 30% dissimilarity. Figure 2. Dendrogram of genetic dissimilarity among 22 accessions of Capsicumspp. UPGMA method using Mahalanobis generalized distance based on eight quantitative traits (dendrograma de dissimilaridade genética entre 22 acessos de Capsicum spp., método UPGMA, usando distancia generalizada de Mahalanobis, baseado em 8 características quantitativas). Campos dos Goytacazes, UENF, 2012. Group I was composed of accessions UENF 1615, UENF 1706, UENF 1714, UENF 1772 and UENF 1790, which have in common: fruit length between 21.7 and 31.8 mm, fruit diameter from 12.9 to 17.8 mm, FRW from 8.4 to 14.1 g. Group II was formed by accessions UENF 1635, UENF 1765, UENF 1717 and UENF 1738. They were allocated in this group because of the similarity in plant height ranging from 83.3 to 107.4 cm. Ornamental plants with this size are not suitable for cultivation in pots because they are considered high, but these accessions may have potential use in gardens. The LoF in the accessions of this group ranged between 14.5 and 19.8 mm, DoF from 15.0 to 18.9 mm and DFL from 41 to 51 days after sowing. The third group was composed only by accession UENF 1641 (C. chinense), characterized by having less number of fruits per plant (59 fruits) compared with other accessions studied in this paper. This accession was also considered late regarding days to flowering and days to fruiting (77 and 89 days, respectively). Group IV was composed of accessions UENF 1554, UENF 1780 and UENF 1776 with HGT from 119.9 to 160.1 cm, LoF ranging 13.6 to 21.5 mm, FRW from 2.7 to 5.7 g, DFL ranging from 73 to 74 days after sowing. Group V was formed by accessions UENF 1626, UENF 1750 and UENF 1799 which showed DoF from 7.9 to 10.5 mm, FRW from 5.3 to 11.2 g, DFL from 26 to 47 days after sowing and DFR from 33 to 48 days after flowering. Group VI was composed of accessions UENF 1623, UENF 1627 and UENF 1632 that were grouped due to the HGT from 32.6 to 43.3 cm. These accessions are indicated for ornamental use in pots, for having lower size in common, LoF from 29.6 to 39.1 mm, DFL from 22 to 29 days after sowing and DFR from 29 to 38 days after flowering. Group VII was formed by accessions UENF 1741 and 1794, which resemble regarding LoF (from 53.5 to 57.9 mm). Group VIII was formed only by accession UENF 1751 which is a late accession, with flowering occurring within 81 days after blooming and fruiting occurring 123 days after flowering and 52 days for the change of the color of the fruit. Based on the analysis of quantitative data, it was possible to discriminate accessions UENF 1776 and UENF 1790, considered possible duplicates by the dendrogram generated by qualitative data, since these accessions were allocated in groups I and IV, respectively. The accessions were grouped differently when used qualitative and quantitative data separately. The qualitative data analysis enabled a better separation of accessions to the formation of a larger number of groups to a distance greater than the quantitative data. Similar results were obtained by Neitzke et al. (2010). Genotypes clustering regarding qualitative and quantitative characteristics The joint analysis of qualitative and quantitative data provided the formation of ten groups by UPGMA clustering method considering the cutoff with approximately 30% dissimilarity between accessions. Comparing the dendrograms obtained by different distances (coefficient of simple coincidence, Mahalanobis generalized distance and Gower's algorithm), there was an 77% concordance between the groups forming the qualitative data and joint analysis data. However, Finger et al. (2010) obtained an equitable contribution of binary and quantitative matrices, and multicategoric regarding the joint matrix. The accessions with ornamental potential were divided into two groups (V and X), when considering the qualitative descriptors, and also in two groups (V and VI) for quantitative descriptors. All accessions listed in these groups belong to the species C. annuum, which facilitates obtaining hybrids and establishing breeding programs. The following accessions can be recommended as parents: UENF 1623, UENF 1626, UENF 1627, UENF 1632, UENF 1750 and UENF 1799, due to their desirable characteristics in terms of ornamental use. 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