Oxiuríase e migrações pré-históricas

Araújo, Adauto; Ferreira, Luiz F.

doi:10.1590/S0104-59701995000200006

Resumos

O encontro de parasitos em material arqueológico tem permitido o acompanhamento da dispersão de agentes infecciosos e seus hospedeiros humanos no passado. Através desses achados, pôde-se retomar teorias propostas no início do século sobre contatos transpacíficos de populações asiáticas com a América do Sul. Assim foi feito, por exemplo, no caso do encontro de ovos de ancilostomídeos em material arqueológico datado de até sete mil anos antes do presente. O aumento da produção científica na área torna necessária, agora, a realização de trabalhos de síntese que avaliem o estado da arte e proponham modelos paleoepidemiológicos compreensíveis para a dispersão pré-histórica das parasitoses humanas. Nesse sentido, foi feito o presente trabalho, a partir dos recentes achados de ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em material arqueológico nas Américas. Diferentemente da infecção por ancilostomídeos, a oxiuríase não necessita de passagem pelo solo para a transmissão de um hospedeiro a outro, logo, sua persistência em uma dada população humana independe das condições climáticas. Poderia, portanto, ter sido trazida do velho para o novo continente, inclusive pelas migrações humanas que atravessaram o estreito de Bering. Tal fato pode explicar a maior dispersão geográfica dos achados e sua disseminação na América do Norte, desde dez mil anos até os tempos atuais. Na América do Sul, por outro lado, os achados arqueológicos só confirmaram sua existência ao longo da região andina, com achados no Chile e no Norte da Argentina. No Brasil, apesar do grande número de amostras examinadas, não foram encontrados ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em coprólitos. No presente trabalho, discutem-se modelos explicativos para a distribuição conhecida dessa parasitose em populações pré-históricas.

Paleoparasitologia; oxiuríase; antropologia; migrações pré-históricas; coprólitos

Parasite findings in archeological material have made it possible to trace the dispersion of infectious agents and their human hosts in ancient times. These findings allow us to re-examine theories proposed at the beginning of the century concerning transpacific contacts that Asian populations may have had with South America. This has been the case, for example, with hookworm eggs found in archeological material dating up to 7,000 years before present. Because of the increase in scientific production in this area, it has now become necessary to undertake syntheses that assess the state of the art and propose workable paleoepidemological models of the prehistoric dispersion of human parasitoses. Based on findings of Enterobius vermicularis eggs in archeological material in the Americas, the present study is an effort in this direction. Unlike the hookworm, the pinworm does not require a soil cycle in order to be transmitted from one host to another, thereby meaning that its persistence in a given human population does not depend on climatic conditions. Thus, it could have been brought from the old to the new continent, possibly by human migrations across the Bering Strait. This may explain the greater geographical dispersion and dissemination of these findings in North America from 10,000 yrs B.P. till today. In South America, on the other hand, archeological findings have only confirmed existence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs within the Andean region, with findings located specifically in Chile and northern Argentina. Although a large number of samples have been examined, no such eggs have been found in coprolites in Brazil. The paper discusses models that account for the known distribution of this parasitosis in prehistoric populations.

paleoparasitology; oxyuriasis; anthropology; prehistoric migrations; coprolites

ANÁLISE

Oxiuríase e migrações pré-históricas

Oxyuriasis and prehistoric migrations

Adauto Araújo; Luiz F. Ferreira

Pesquisadores da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública

RESUMO

O encontro de parasitos em material arqueológico tem permitido o acompanhamento da dispersão de agentes infecciosos e seus hospedeiros humanos no passado. Através desses achados, pôde-se retomar teorias propostas no início do século sobre contatos transpacíficos de populações asiáticas com a América do Sul. Assim foi feito, por exemplo, no caso do encontro de ovos de ancilostomídeos em material arqueológico datado de até sete mil anos antes do presente. O aumento da produção científica na área torna necessária, agora, a realização de trabalhos de síntese que avaliem o estado da arte e proponham modelos paleoepidemiológicos compreensíveis para a dispersão pré-histórica das parasitoses humanas. Nesse sentido, foi feito o presente trabalho, a partir dos recentes achados de ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em material arqueológico nas Américas. Diferentemente da infecção por ancilostomídeos, a oxiuríase não necessita de passagem pelo solo para a transmissão de um hospedeiro a outro, logo, sua persistência em uma dada população humana independe das condições climáticas. Poderia, portanto, ter sido trazida do velho para o novo continente, inclusive pelas migrações humanas que atravessaram o estreito de Bering. Tal fato pode explicar a maior dispersão geográfica dos achados e sua disseminação na América do Norte, desde dez mil anos até os tempos atuais. Na América do Sul, por outro lado, os achados arqueológicos só confirmaram sua existência ao longo da região andina, com achados no Chile e no Norte da Argentina. No Brasil, apesar do grande número de amostras examinadas, não foram encontrados ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em coprólitos.

No presente trabalho, discutem-se modelos explicativos para a distribuição conhecida dessa parasitose em populações pré-históricas.

Palavras-chave: Paleoparasitologia, oxiuríase, antropologia, migrações pré-históricas, coprólitos.

ABSTRACT

Parasite findings in archeological material have made it possible to trace the dispersion of infectious agents and their human hosts in ancient times. These findings allow us to re-examine theories proposed at the beginning of the century concerning transpacific contacts that Asian populations may have had with South America. This has been the case, for example, with hookworm eggs found in archeological material dating up to 7,000 years before present. Because of the increase in scientific production in this area, it has now become necessary to undertake syntheses that assess the state of the art and propose workable paleoepidemological models of the prehistoric dispersion of human parasitoses. Based on findings of Enterobius vermicularis eggs in archeological material in the Americas, the present study is an effort in this direction. Unlike the hookworm, the pinworm does not require a soil cycle in order to be transmitted from one host to another, thereby meaning that its persistence in a given human population does not depend on climatic conditions. Thus, it could have been brought from the old to the new continent, possibly by human migrations across the Bering Strait. This may explain the greater geographical dispersion and dissemination of these findings in North America from 10,000 yrs B.P. till today. In South America, on the other hand, archeological findings have only confirmed existence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs within the Andean region, with findings located specifically in Chile and northern Argentina. Although a large number of samples have been examined, no such eggs have been found in coprolites in Brazil. The paper discusses models that account for the known distribution of this parasitosis in prehistoric populations.

Keywords: paleoparasitology, oxyuriasis, anthropology, prehistoric migrations, coprolites.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido para publicação em janeiro de 1995

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Araújo, A. et al. 1983 'Eggs of Diphyllobothrium pacificum in pre-Columbian human coprolites'. Paleopathology Newsletter, 41: 11-3.
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
25 Jul 2006
Data do Fascículo
Jun 1995

Histórico

Recebido
Jan 1995

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Allison, M. J. et al. 1974 'A case of hookworm infestation in a precolumbian America '. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 41: 103-6.

[2] Araújo, A. et al. 1993 'Climatic change in northeastern Brazil Paleoparasitological data'. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 88: 577-9.

[3] Araújo, A. et al. 1988 'Hookworms and the peopling of America'. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 40: 226-33.

[4] Araújo, A. et al. 1985 'The finding of Enterobius vermicularis eggs in pre-Columbian human coprolites'. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 80: 141-3.

[5] Araújo, A. et al. 1983 'Eggs of Diphyllobothrium pacificum in pre-Columbian human coprolites'. Paleopathology Newsletter, 41: 11-3.

[6] Araújo, A. et al. 1982 'Oxyuris (Nematoda) egg from coprolites from Brasil'. Journal of Parasitology, 68: 511-2.

[7] Araújo, A. et al. 1981 'A contribution to the study of helminth findings in archaeological material in Brazil.' Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 41: 873-81.

[8] Beltrăo, M. C. e Danon, J. 1987 'Evidence of human occupations during the middle Pleistocene at the Toca da Esperança in Central archeological region, State of Bahia, Brazil'. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cięncias, 59: 275-6.

[9] Brooks, D. R. e Glen, C. 1982 'Pinworms and primates: a case study in coevolution'. Proceedings of the Helminthology Society of Washington, 49: 76-85.

[10] Bryant Jr., V. M. e Williams-Dean, G. 1975 'The coprolites of man'. Scientific American, 232: 100-9.

[11] Callen, E. O. e Cameron, T. W. M. 1960 'A prehistoric diet as revealed in coprolites'. The New Scientist, 8: 35-40.

[12] Cameron, T. W. M. 1956 Parasites and parasitism. Londres, John Wiley & Sons.

[13] Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 1991 'Genes, peoples and languages'. Scientific American: 72-8.

[14] Chame, M. 1992 'Diagnóstico experimental de fezes e coprólitos năo-humanos no Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, Piauí'. Em A. Araújo e L. F. Ferreira. Paleopatologia e Paleoepidemiologia: estudos multidisciplinares. Rio de Janeiro, ENSP/Fiocruz, pp. 185-211. Panorama ENSP.

[15] Chame, M. et al. 1991 'Experimental paleoparasitology: an approach to the diagnosis of animal coprolites'. Paleopathology Newsletter, 76: 7-9.

[16] Chame, M. et al. 1989 'Testing the colour parameter of coprolites rehydration solution'. Paleopathology Newsletter, 68: 9-11.

[17] Confalonieri, U. et al. 1991 'Intestinal helminths in lowland South American Indians: some evolutionary interpretations'. Human Biology, 63: 863-73.

[18] Confelonieri, U. et al. 1988 'Trends and perspectives in paleoparasitological research'. Em L. F. Ferreira et al., Paleoparasitologia no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, ENSP/Fiocruz, pp. 115-8.

[19] Darling, E. T. 1921 'Observations on the geographical and ethnological distribution of hookworms'. Parasitology, 12: 217-33.

[20] Delibrias, G. et al. 1988 'The Toca do Boqueirăo do Sítio da Pedra Furada: stratigraphy and chronology'. Em J. R. Presca (org.). Early man in the Southern Hemisphere. Adelaide, Australian Studies, pp. 3-11.

[21] Faulkner, G T. e Paton, S. 1990 'Prehistoric parasitism in Tennessee'. Parasitology Today, 6: 12.

[22] Faulkner, C. T. et. al. 1989 'Prehistoric parasitism in Tennessee: evidence from the analysis of desiccated fecal material collected from Big Bone Cave, Van Buren Country, Tennessee'. Journal of Parasitology, 75: 461-3.

[23] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1993 'Nematode larvae in fossilized animal coprolites from lower and middle Pleistocene sites, Central Italy'. The Journal of Parasitology, 79: 440-2.

[24] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1991 'Trichuris eggs in animal coprolites dated from 30,000 years ago'. The Journal of Parasitology, 77: 401-93.

[25] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1989 b 'Trichuris trichiura eggs in human coprolites from the archaeological site of Furna do Estrago, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco, Brasil'. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84: 581.

[26] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1989 a 'Infecçăo por Enterobius vermicularis em populaçőes agropastoris pré-colombianas de San Pedro de Atacama, Chile'. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84: 197-9.

[27] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1988 Paleoparasitologia no Brasil Rio de Janeiro, PEC/ENSP.

[28] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1987 'Encontro de ovos de ancilostomídeos em coprólitos humanos datados de 7230 ± 80 anos'. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cięncias, 59: 280-1.

[29] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1984 'Enterobius vermicularis eggs in pre-Columbian human coprolites from Chile'. Paleopathology Newsletter, 46: 4-5.

[30] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1983 'The finding of helminth eggs in a Brazilian mummy'. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77: 65-7.

[31] Ferreira, L. F. et al. 1980 'The finding of eggs and larvae of parasitic helminths in archaeological material from Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil'. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74: 798-800.

[32] Fonseca, O. 1972 Parasitismo e migraçőes humanas pré-históricas. Rio de Janeiro, Mauro Familiar, ed.

[33] Freeman, R. S. e Jamisson, I. 1976 'Parasites of eskimos at Igloolik and Hall Beach, Northwest Territories'. Em R. J. Shephard e S. Itoh (orgs.). Circumpolar health Toronto/Buffalo, University of Toronto Press, pp. 3-315.

[34] Fry, G. F. e Hall, H. J. 1976 'Parasitological examination of prehistoric coprolites from Utah'. Utah Academy Proceedings, 46: 102-5.

[35] Fry, G. F. e Moore, F. G. 1969 'Enterobius vermicularis: 10,000 year-old human infection'. Science, 166: 1.620.

[36] Gibbons, A. 1969 'Geneticists trace the DNA trail of the first Americans'. Science, 259: 312-3.

[37] Greenman, E. F. 1963 'The Upper Paleolithic and the New World'. Current Anthropology, 4: 41-93.

[38] Guidon, N. e Arnaud, B. 1991 'The chronology of the New World: two faces of one reality'. World Archaeology, 23: 167-78.

[39] Guidon, N. 1989 'On stratigraphy and chronology of Pedra Furada'. Current Anthropology, 30: 641-2.

[40] Guidon, N. e Delibrias, G. 1986 'Carbon 14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago'. Nature, 324: 769-71.

[41] Hall, H. J. 1972 Diet and disease at Clyde's Cavern, Utah, as determined via paleopathology. Salt Lake City, University of Utah.

[42] Hall, H. J. 1969 Rehydration and concentration of parasite ova in human coprolites from the Great Basin. University of Utah. (mimeo.)

[43] Hather, J. e Kirch, P. V. 1991 'Prehistoric sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) from Mangaia Island, Central Polynesia'. Antiguity 65: 887-93.

[44] Hausen, J. P. H. 1986 'Les momies du Groeland'. La Recherche, 183: 1.450-98 .

[45] Herrmann, B. 1985 'Parasitologisch-epidemiologisch auswertungen Mittelalterlicher Kloaken'. Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, 13: 131-61.

[46] Horne, P. D. 1985 'A review of the evidence of human endoparasitism in the pre-Columbian New World through the study of coprolites'. Journal of Archeological Science, 12: 299-31.

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