Gymnospermae |
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Cupressaceae |
tree |
cypress, cedar, etc/cipreste, cedro, etc |
Native in the temperate regions with milder temperatures of both hemispheres. They are valuable for timber, production of gums or resins and with ornamental value. |
GR9 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. |
Larix (Pinaceae) |
tree |
larches/alerce, larício, lariço or larice |
Native conifer of most of the Northern Hemisphere, Eurasia and North America, inhabited the cooler temperate climate, from the lowlands to high mountains. It is one of the dominant plants in the immense boreal forests of Russia, Canada and Scandinavia. |
GR3 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil. |
Angiospermae monocotiledons |
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Allium (Amaryllidaceae) |
herb |
onion, garlic, leek, etc/cebola, alho, alho-poró, etc |
Are annual or biennial bulbous plants that grow in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. except for a few species growing in Chile, Brazil or in tropical Africa. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes. |
GR1 |
Few native species in Brazil. |
Lilium (Liliaceae) |
herb |
lily/lírio |
Native of the northern hemisphere with occurrences in Europe, Asia, North America and South America. More than half of the species are found in China and Japan. Cultivated worldwide for ornamental value. |
GR10 |
Exotic. Lilium formosanum A. Wallace is an exotic naturalized and Lilium longiflorum Thunb. is cultivated in Brazil. |
Zea mays (Poaceae) |
herb |
corn/milho |
Native to Central America where it was domesticated for thousands of years. |
GR9 |
Exotic. It is one of the largest plantations in the world, together with wheat and rice, also in Brazil. |
Angiospermae eudicotiledons |
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Sambucus (Adoxaceae) |
tree, shub |
elder/sabugueiro |
Native in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, with highest significance in the Northern Hemisphere. Cultivated worldwide for medicinal purposes. |
GR1 |
Only S. australis Cham. & Schltdl. is native in Brazil. S. nigra L. is an exotic naturalized. |
Apium (Apiaceae) |
herb |
celery/aipo, salsão, etc |
Subcosmopolita distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and Australia. |
GR2 |
Two species are exotic naturalized and several species cultivated for food purposes in Brazil. |
Daucus (Apiaceae) |
herb |
carrot, coriander, etc/cenoura, coentro, etc |
Daucus carota is native to North America, Asia, Australia and Europe, Coriandrum sativum, is native to Africa, Asia and Europe. |
GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil. |
Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) |
tree, shrub, climber |
holly, maté/azevinho, erva mate |
Distributed in all temperate and subtropical regions of the world. |
GR1 |
Several native species in Brazil. |
Ambrosia (Asteraceae) |
herb |
ragweed/ambrósia |
Distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, especially in North America where the origin and genus diversity center are in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. |
GR8 |
Few native species in Brazil. |
Artemisia (Asteraceae) |
herb, shrub |
mugwort, common wormwood/artemisia |
They grow in temperate climates in both hemispheres, usually in arid habitats or semi-arid. |
GR8 |
Only Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte is an exotic naturalized in Brazil. |
Cirsium/Carduus (Asteraceae) |
herb |
thistle/cardo |
Native to Eurasia and North Africa, with about 60 species in North America. |
GR1, GR8 |
Several species have been introduced worldwide for its ornamental value, also in Brazil. |
Senecio (Asteraceae) |
herb, shrub |
Ragworts, groundsels /tasneira, tasna, erva-de-São-Tiago |
Worldwide distribution. |
GR1, GR4 |
Several native species in Brazil. |
Taraxacum (Asteraceae) |
herb |
dandelion/dente-de-leão |
Weeds of fields in Eurasia and North America. |
GR1, GR2, GR4, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil. Cultivated worldwide for its medicinal properties and ornamental value, also in Brazil. |
Betula (Betulaceae) |
tree, shrub |
birch/bétula |
Characteristic of temperate climate and has distribution as much in Asia as in Europe and North America. |
GR1, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. |
Brassicaceae |
herb, shrub, climber |
broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, etc/brócolis, repolho, couve-flor, couve, etc |
Native to the northern coast of the Mediterranean and Asia, having expanded later throughout Europe, as well as other continents. |
GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10 |
Few native species and several naturalized species in Brazil. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil. |
Myosotis (Boraginaceae) |
herb |
forget-me-nots/não-me-esqueças |
Restricted to Eurasia and New Zealand. One or two European species, especially Myosotis sylvatica, were introduced in most temperate regions of Europe, Asia and the Americas. Very popular in gardens. |
GR2, GR9 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. |
Cistus (Cistaceae) |
shrub |
rockrose, laudanum/estevas, ládano |
Native of the Mediterranean, from the Canary Islands, off the coast of Morocco to the Middle East coast. |
GR1, GR3, GR5, GR9 |
Exotic. Cultivated worldwide as ornamental plant, medicinal properties and to obtaining Labdanum, an aromatic resin used in perfumery and in homeopathy. |
Helianthemum (Cistaceae) |
herb, shrub |
rockrose, /estevas, rosa-da-pedra |
Widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean where it is the greatest diversity. They are distributed in America, Europe, and North Africa to Asia Minor and Central Asia. |
GR4, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Only Helianthemum brasiliense (Lam.) Pers. is native in Brazil. Cultivated worldwide as ornamental plant in gardens. |
Nyssa (Cornaceae) |
tree |
tupelo/tupelo |
It occurs spontaneously in North and Central America, from Mexico to Canada. Other species of Nyssa occur naturally in Southeast Asia, from China to the southwest of the Himalayas. |
GR1, GR5, GR9, GR10 |
No species of Nyssa occurs spontaneously in Europe or in Brazil. |
Cassia (Fabaceae) |
tree |
canafistula, golden rain tree, cassia/canafístula, canudo de pito, cássia |
Pantropical distribution. The fruits are used in food. |
GR1 |
Several native species in Brazil. The plant has ornamental value and also used in ayurvedic medicine. |
Cytisus (Fabaceae) |
shrub |
booms/chamiça, giesteira |
Native in open areas (typically brushwood and heathland) of Europe, western Asia and North Africa. |
GR3 |
Exotic. None is native to Brazil. |
Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) |
shrub |
sleepy plant, shy plant, sensitive plant, touch-me-not /dormideira, malícia, sensitiva |
Tropical origin. It is a native species of Central and South America. Nowadays is invasive, with pantropical distribution, occurring in Africa, North America, Asia and Australia. |
GR8 |
Native. |
Robinia (Fabaceae) |
tree, shrub |
locusts/falsa acácia |
Endemic of North America and northern Mexico. Robinia pseudoacacia was introduced in the seventeenth century in Europe for ornamental and medicinal purposes and for soil stabilization, becoming invasive in sunny locations and disturbed areas of Iberian countries, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Cyprus. It has also become invasive in Asia (Israel, Turkey), South Africa, South America (Argentina), Australia and New Zealand. It is a cultivated species in China. |
GR3 |
Only Robiniaferruginea Kunth is native in Brazil. |
Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) |
herb |
bird’s-foot trefoil/cornichão |
Native of temperate grassland in Eurasia and North Africa. |
GR3, GR4, GR5 |
Exotic. Used as a forage legume in southern Brazil. |
Trifoliumincarnatum (Fabaceae) |
herb |
crimson clover, italian clover /trevo-encarnado erva-do-amor, trevo-vermelho |
Native to southwestern Europe, but widely used as fodder for cattle in various parts of the world, primarily in North America and Australia. |
GR5, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. Cultivated for livestock feed in southern Brazil. |
Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae) |
herb |
red clover/trevo vermelho |
Native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Widely used as fodder for cattle in various parts of the world. |
GR3, GR4 |
Exotic. Cultivated for livestock feed in southern Brazil. |
Trifolium repens (Fabaceae) |
herb |
white clover/trevo branco |
Natural distribution in Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It was introduced in most temperate regions as fodder production plant and as to enhancin natural and semi natural pasture lands, being common nowadays in most of North America and New Zealand. |
GR9 |
In Brazil there is the native T. argentinense Speg. whose pollen is similar. |
Vicia faba (Fabaceae) |
herb |
broad bean, fava bean, bell bean, horse bean /fava, feijão-fava, fava cavalinha |
The origin of this vegetable is undetermined, but has been cultivated in the Middle East in the last 8000 years before spreading to Western Europe. Great importance in Europe, particularly in Italy. |
GR4 |
Exotic. In Brazil it is rarely cultivated. |
Castanea (Fagaceae) |
tree |
chestnut/castanheira |
Native to temperate Northern Hemisphere region (North America, Asia and Europe), but it is cultivated in many parts of the world. |
GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. In Brazil it is rarely cultivated. |
Quercus (Fagaceae) |
tree |
oak/carvalho |
Native to Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species distributed from colder temperate regions to the tropical latitudes of Eurasia and the Americas. |
GR4, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. In Brazil, the cultivation is restricted to Paraná State, for the “shitake” production. |
Hypecoum (Fumariaceae) |
herb |
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Native to the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Africa. |
GR5 |
Exotic. |
Salvia (Lamiaceae) |
herb, shrub |
common sage, mint/sálvia, menta |
Distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas, with three distinct regions of diversity: Central and South America, Central Asia and the Mediterranean and East Asia. |
GR8 |
Several native species in Brazil. Some species are used as a condiment, medicinal herb and as ornamental plants worldwide, also in Brazil. |
Vitex (Lamiaceae) |
tree, shrub |
chastetree/árvore da castidade, pau de angola |
They are native to the tropics and subtropics, with some species in temperate Eurasia. |
GR4 |
Several native species in Brazil. |
Tilia (Malvaceae) |
tree |
lime trees, linden/tília |
Native to Northern Hemisphere, naturally occurring in temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. It is used for ornamental purposes and for infusions and medicine. It is pollinated by insects. Its greatest use is in beekeeping because it provides unifloral honey of excellent quality. |
GR1, GR3 |
Exotic. |
Ligustrum (Oleaceae) |
tree, shub |
privet/ligustro |
Native to Europe, North Africa, Asia and Australia. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive. Its pollen produces respiratory allergies. |
GR9 |
Three species are exotic naturalized and cultivated for ornamental purposes in Brazil. |
Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) |
herb |
buckwheat/trigo sarraceno, trigo-mourisco |
Native to Central Asia and Northern Europe. |
GR4 |
Exotic. Cultivated worldwide for human and animal consumption, and as an ornamental plant. Its cultivation is restricted to the southern of Brazil. |
Rumex (Polygonaceae) |
herb |
docks, common sorrel/labaça, cata-cruz, regalo-da-horta |
Common in the northern hemisphere where often become weeds. |
GR1 |
Few native species in Brazil. Several species have been introduced almost everywhere to be edible, providing tannin and by its purgative qualities. |
Veronica (Plantaginaceae) |
herb |
speedwell, bird’s eye, gypsyweed/verônica-dos-campos, morrião-da-água, verônica-da-pérsia |
Cosmopolitan dispersion, although the largest concentration is in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely used in land cover and medicine as an expectorant. |
GR1, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Few species are exotic naturalized in southeastern and southern of Brazil. |
Caltha (Ranunculaceae) |
herb |
marsh-marigold, kingcup/calta, malmequer dos brejos |
Occurs in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both northern and southern hemispheres. Used in homeopathic medicines. |
GR5 |
Exotic |
Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) |
herb |
meadow-rue/ruibarbo-dos-pobres, taliestro |
Native to temperate regions. |
GR1, GR3 |
Exotic |
Prunus (Rosaceae) |
tree, shrub |
plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, etc/ameixeiras, cerejeiras, pessegueiros, damasqueiros, etc |
By all temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. |
GR1, GR3, GR4, GR5 |
Few native species in Brazil. Many species are cultivated worldwide for food purposes and ornamental value, also in Brazil. |
Rubus (Rosaceae) |
herb, shrub, climber |
raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, etc/ framboesa, amora, mirtilo, etc |
Native to the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. Use for consumption and for medicinal properties. |
GR9 |
Few native species in Brazil. Many species are cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil. |
Borreria (Rubiaceae) |
herb, shrub |
false buttonweed/vassourinha, vassourinha de botão, etc |
In tropical and subtropical regions. His greatest diversity is found in the Americas, followed by Africa, Australia and Asia. |
GR1 |
Several native species in Brazil. |
Salix (Salicaceae) |
herb, shrub, tree |
willows/salgueiro, chorão |
Mainly inhabit moist soils of the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The trees are grown in various parts of the world: Australia, were considered invasive weed pests; in China, it has been grown in order to protect agricultural areas, serving as a barrier to the desert winds. Its bark is used in the manufacture of wicker and the production of aspirin. |
GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10 |
Only two native species in Brazil. Salix babylonica L. was introduced as ornamental plant in the southern States of Brazil. |
Acer negundo (Sapindaceae) |
tree |
box elder, boxelder maple, ash-leaved maple, maple ash /bôrdo |
North and Central America, occurring naturally from Canada to Guatemala. It was introduced in Europe, China and Australia, becoming invasive. In Australia is listed as a pest. |
GR3, GR5, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. |
Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) |
herb |
saxifrages, rockfoils/coroa do rei, manto dourado, saxífraga |
They are typical inhabitants of the Arctic-alpine ecosystems and subarctic in glacial habitat, and are almost never found outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia and North Africa). Used worldwide as an ornamental plant and with medicinal purpose. |
GR3 |
Exotic. |
Solanum (Solanaceae) |
herb, shrub |
potato, aubergine, pepper, tomato/batata, berinjela, pimenta, tomate |
Cultivated in various parts of the world. |
GR1, GR3, GR4 |
Several native species in Brazil. Several species are cultivated worldwide to food purposes, also in Brazil. |
Ulmus (Ulmaceae) |
tree |
elms/olmo |
Constitute natural forests in temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, but with tropical distribution in Indonesia. It is cropped for various purposes: its wood is used in carpentry and furniture in the shipbuilding industry; in Australasia is used with ornamental purposes, both in parks and in bonsai; its foliage are widely used in animal feed in Asia; as a source of biomass in Europe and for medicinal purposes. |
GR1, GR3, GR4 |
Exotic. |
Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) |
climber |
virginia creeper, five-finger, thicket creeper, grape ivy/hera |
Native to the Himalayas, East Asia and North America. Often used as ornamental plants in Europe and elsewhere, including in the tropics. |
GR1, GR3, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10 |
Exotic. Few species are cultivated worldwide to ornamental purposes, also in Brazil. |