1. |
Arıcıgil and Arbağ , 201855 Arıcıgil M, Arbağ H. Hookah smoking impairs nasal mucociliary clearance. Tob Induc Dis 2018;16(06):06
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Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 40 Smokers I (once every week): 20 Smokers II (more than once a week/2-5 session-week): 18 |
Age: 18-41 years Non-smokers: 27.5 ± 6.4 Smokers I: 26.9 ± 6.8 Smokers II: 27.7 ± 6.3 Gender Non-smokers: 22,18 Smokers I: 11,9 Smokers II: 10,8 |
Hookah smoking |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in non smokers (p < 0.001). • NMC value (STT) in the smokers-II group was significantly higher than in the smokers-I group and non-smokers (19.2 ± 2.5; 11.9 ± 2.8; 11.1 ± 3; p < 0.001). |
2. |
Dulger et al, 201844 Dülger S, Akdeniz Ö, Solmaz F, Şengören Dikiş Ö, Yildiz T. Evaluation of nasal mucociliary clearance using saccharin test in smokers: A prospective study. Clin Respir J 2018;12(04):1706-1710
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Prospective study (2 years period) |
Non-smokers: 35 Smokers: 50 |
Age: 18-65 years Non-smokers: 35.8 Smokers: 31.4 Gender Non-smokers: 23,12 Smokers: 30,20 |
Cigarette smoking Cigarettes/day: 20.6 Packs-year: ≤10 packs/year: 11 10-20 packs/year: 28 20-30 packs/year: 5 ≥ 30 packs/year: 6 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in non-smokers (12 minutes, 9 minutes; p < 0.001). • No stastistically significant difference in nasal MCC value and packs/year (p = 0.943). |
3. |
Paul et al, 201833 Paul B, Menon SS, Vasthare R, Balakrishnan R, Acharya S. Effect of bidi smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: a comparative study. J Laryngol Otol 2018;132(12):1077-1082
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Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 20 Cigarette smokers: 20 Bidi smokers: 20 |
Age: 20-40 years Non-smokers: 29.3 ± 6.25 Cigarette smokers: 31.2 ± 5.42 Bidi smokers: 30.2 ± 6.77 Gender: male |
Cigarette and Bidi smoking Packs/year: Cigarette smokers: 4.63 ± 2.74 Bidi smokers: 7.5 ± 5.1 |
Methylene blue dye test |
• NMC value was significantly decreased in bidi smokers as compared with cigarette smokers and non-smokers (59.25 ± 12.38 mm; 67 ± 5.48 mm; 67.89 ± 4.10 mm; p < 0.05). • Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between NMC and bidi smoking, number of cigarettes or bidis smoked per day, and packs/year (p < 0.05). |
4. |
Solak et al, 201822 Solak I, Marakoglu K, Pekgor S, Kargin NC, Alatas N, Eryilmas MA. Nasalmucociliary activity changes in smokers. Konuralp Tip Derg 2018;10(03):269-275
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Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 74 Smokers: 123 |
Age: 18-55 years Non-smokers: 38.79 ± 9.66 Smokers: 40.33 ± 8.94 Gender Non-smokers: 58,16 Smokers: 23,100 |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking: 24.31 ± 9.66 Cigarettes/day: 18.45 ± 8.78 Packs/year: 28.49 ± 15.68 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in non-smokers (536.19 ± 254.81 seconds 320.43 ± 184.98 seconds p < 0.001). • Positive correlation between STT and number of cigarettes/day (p: 0.012, r: 0.225), STT and packs/year (p:0.001, r:0.296), STT and years of smoking (p = 0.027, r = 0.200). |
5. |
Uzeloto et al, 20184848 Uzeloto JS, Ramos D, C F Freire AP, G D Christofaro D, Mara C Ramos E. . Nasal mucociliary transportability of male and female smokers. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2018;84(03): 311-317
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 69 Smokers: 70 |
Age: 30-50 years Non-smokers: 39.5* Smokers: 41* Gender Non-smokers: 32,37 Smokers: 33,37 *: median |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking: 21.50* Cigarettes/day: 20.00* Packs/year: 22.00* *: median |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
NMC value (STT) in smokers was insignificantly higher than in non-smokers (9.7 minutes; 9.145 minutes; p > 0.05). |
6. |
Kumral et al, 201666 Kumral TL, Saltürk Z, Yildirim G, et al. How does electronic cigarette smoking affect sinonasal symptoms and nasal mucociliary clearance? B-ENT 2016;12(01):17-21
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Prospective randomized single-blind clinical trial |
Non-smokers: 40 Smokers: 58 |
Age Non-smokers: 38.0 ± 8.2 Smokers: 33.9 ± 7.9 Gender Non-smokers: 16,14 Smokers: 18,24 |
EC smoking duration: 3 months |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
NMC value (STT) in electronic cigarette was significantly higher than in non-smokers (11.93 ± 1.81; 10.36 ± 1.61; p = 0.0003). |
7. |
Utiyama et al, 20161111 Utiyama DMO, Yoshida CT, Goto DM, et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties and inflammation. Clinics (São Paulo) 2016;71(06): 344-350
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Prospective study (12 months duration) |
Quitters: 20 Smokers: 13 |
Age Quitters: 51 ± 9 Smokers: 52 ± 10 Gender Quitters: 9,11 Smokers: 6,7 |
Cigarette smoking Packs/year: Quitters: 40 ± 27 Smokers: 45 ± 28 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers showed increases of impairment after 12 months observation (±14 minutes; ± 15 minutes). • NMC value (STT) in quitter showed decreases of impairment after 12 months observation (±15 minutes, ± 10 minutes). |
8. |
Habesoglu et al, 20152929 Habesoglu TE, Kule M, Kule ZG, et al. How does parental smoking affect nasal mucociliary clearance in children? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015;272(03):607-611
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Cross-sectional |
Group I (control): 18 Group II (living with at least one adult smoker outside the house): 15 Group III (living with at least one adult smoker inside the house): 17 |
Age 6-14 years Group I: 10.22 ± 2.39 Group II: 11.2 ± 1.97 Group III: 10.65 ± 2.09 Gender Group I: 9,9 Group II: 7,8 Group III: 9,8 |
Passive smoking |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in group II was insignificantly higher than in group I (p = 0.067). • NMC value (STT) in group III was significantly higher than in group I (p < 0.001). • NMC value (STT) in group III was insignificantly higher than in group II (p = 0.173). • NMC value (STT) in groups I, II, and III: 7.33 ± 2.91 minutes, 10.00 ± 4.78 minutes, 12.41 ± 3.44 minutes. |
9. |
Pagliuca et al, 20151212 Pagliuca G, Rosato C, Martellucci S, et al. Cytologic and functional alterations of nasal mucosa in smokers: temporary or permanent damage? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(04):740-745
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 30 Ex-smokers:30 Smokers:30 |
Age Non-smokers: 53.17 ± 5.53 Ex-smokers: 50.73 ± 6.51 Smokers: 51.97 ± 6.02 Gender Non-smokers: 19,11 Ex-smokers: 23,7 Smokers: 24,6 |
Cigarette smoking Cigarettes/day: ex-smokers:25 ± 7.76 smokers: 24.67 ± 6.3 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in others (smokers: 15.6 minutes, ex-smokers: 11.77 minutes, non-smokers: 11.71 minutes, p < 0.0001). |
10. |
Baby et al, 20141717 Baby MK, Muthu PK, Johnson P, Kannan S. Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: A comparative analysis using saccharin test. Lung India 2014;31(01):39-42
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 30 Smokers: 30 |
Age: 21-40 years Non-smokers: 26.8 ± 1.2 Smokers: 24.96 ± 1 Gender: male |
Cigarette smoking |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in the non-smokers group (481.2 ± 29.83 seconds 300.32 ± 17.42 seconds; p < 0.01). • A statistically significant increase in the NMC value was observed with an increase in duration of smoking habit (NMC in smoking < 1 year: 492.25 ± 79.93 seconds; 1-5 years: 516.7 ± 34.01 seconds > 5 years: 637.5 ± 28.49 seconds p = 0.0000). |
11. |
Nicola et al, 20142828 Nicola ML, Carvalho HB, Yoshida CT, et al. Young “healthy” smokers have functional and inflammatory changes in the nasal and the lower airways. Chest 2014;145(05):998-1005
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 32 Smokers < 2.5 packs/year: 20 Smokers > 2.5 packs/year: 20 |
Age: 18-35 years Non-smokers: 21 Smokers <2.5 packs-year: 19 Smokers >2.5 packs-year: 24 Gender Non-smokers: 29, 3 Smokers <2.5 packs-year: 20,0 Smokers >2.5 packs-year: 17,3 |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking Smokers < 2.5 packs/year: 3* Smokers > 2.5 packs/year: 7* Packs/year: Smokers < 2.5 packs/year: 0.7* Smokers > 2.5 packs/year: 6* *: median |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly lower than in non-smokers (5.9 ± 3.1 minutes; 7.7 ± 4.1 minutes; p = 0.033). |
12. |
Yadav et al, 201477 Yadav J, Kaushik G, Ranga RK. Passive smoking affects nasal mucociliary clearance. JIACM 2014;15(02):96-99
|
Prospective study (five years duration) |
Non-smokers: 50 Active smokers: 50 Passive smokers: 50 |
Age: 20-50 years Non-smokers: 38.7 Active smokers: 39.1 Passive smokers: 35.1 Gender: Non-smokers: 44,6 Active smokers: 42,8 Passive smokers: 24,26 |
Cigarette smoking (active and passive) |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers (active and passive) was significantly higher than in non-smokers (23.08 ± 4.60; 20.31 ± 2.51; 8.57 ± 2.12; p < 0.0003). • NMC value (STT) in active smokers was insignificantly higher than in passive smokers (p = 0.03). |
13. |
Xavier et al, 20132020 Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. Respiration 2013;86(06):479-485
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Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 24 Light smokers: 14 Moderate smokers: 34 Heavy smokers: 27 |
Age: Non-smokers: 50 ± 11 Light smokers: 51 ± 15 Moderate smokers: 49 ± 7 Heavy smokers: 46 ± 8 Gender Non-smokers: 7,17 Light smokers: 5,9 Moderate smokers: 14, 20 Heavy smokers: 13, 14 |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking Light smokers: 32 ± 17 Moderate smokers: 29 ± 9 Heavy smokers: 32 ± 8 Cigarettes/day: Light smokers: 9 ± 1 Moderate smokers: 18 ± 3 Heavy smokers: 39 ± 11 Packs/year index: Light smokers: 17 ± 10 Moderate smokers: 27 ± 11 Heavy smokers: 59 ± 44 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in moderate and heavy smokers was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) than in light smokers and non-smokers. • A positive correlation was observed between STT and cigarettes/day (r = 0.3; p = 0.02). |
14. |
Habesoglu et al, 20123838 Habesoglu M, Demir K, Yumusakhuylu AC, Yilmaz AS, Oysu C. Does passive smoking have an effect on nasal mucociliary clearance? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;147(01):152-156
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 15 Passive smokers: 15 Active smokers: 17 |
Age: 17-47 years Active smokers: 28.12 ± 10.79 Passive smokers: 29.17 ± 12.18 Non-smokers: 27.92 ± 11.29 Gender Active smokers: 11,6 Passive smokers: 8,7 Non-smokers: 6,9 |
Cigarette smoking (active and passive) |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in active smokers was significantly higher than in passive smokers and non-smokers (23.59 ± 12.41 minutes; 12.6 ± 4.67 minutes; 6.4 ± 1.55 minutes; p < 0.01). • NMC value (STT) in the passive group was significantly higher than in the non-smokers group (p < 0.01). |
15. |
Proença et al, 20113535 Proença M, Fagundes Xavier R, Ramos D, Cavalheri V, Pitta F, Cipulo Ramos EM. [Immediate and short term effects of smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers]. Rev Port Pneumol 2011;17(04):172-176
|
Cross-sectional |
Non-smokers: 19 Smokers: 19 |
Age Non-smokers: 47 ± 11 Smokers: 51 ± 16 Gender: Non-smokers: 10,9 Smokers: 11,8 |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking: 33 ± 11 Cigarettes/day: 27 ± 11 Packs/year index: 44 ± 25 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in non-smokers 8 hours after smoking (16 ± 6 minutes; 10 ± 4 minutes, p = 0.005) and insignicantly higher immediately after smoking (11 ± 6 minutes; 10 ± 4 minutes; p = 0.87). • NMC value (STT) 8 hours after smoking was correlated positively with age (r = 0.59; p = 0.007), cigarettes per day (r = 0.53; p = 0.02) and packs/year index (r = 0.74; p = 0.0003). |
16. |
Ramos et al, 20113131 Ramos EM, De Toledo AC, Xavier RF, et al. Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme. Respirology 2011;16(05):849-855
|
Prospective study (1 year-period) |
Non-smokers: 33 Smokers: 33 |
Age Non-smokers: 52 ± 14 Smokers: 49 ± 12 Gender: Non-smokers: 18, 15 Smokers: 12,21 |
Cigarette smoking Years of smoking: 21 ± 8 Cigarettes/day: 20 ± 10 Packs/year index: 44 ± 25 |
Saccharin transfer/transit time test |
• NMC value (STT) in smokers was significantly higher than in non-smokers (±14 minute, ± 8 minutes, p = 0.002). • NMC value (STT) decreased to within normal range on day 15 after smoking cessation (±10 minutes, p < 0.01), and remained in the normal range until the end of study period (±8 minutes). |