Treatment Results for Stage III Laryngeal Cancer: Analysis of a Populational Database Using Propensity Scores

Abstract

Introduction

Treatment of stage III laryngeal cancer suffered a major paradigm change with surgery being substituted by radiation therapy with chemotherapy.

Objective

To evaluate the oncological outcome of different treatment modalities for stage III laryngeal cancer using a population database.

Methods

A population database representing patients treated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, was analyzed. Demographic, clinical and treatment variables were included, and the outcomes of interest were disease-specific and overall survival. Propensity score with nearest neighbor matching was used to compensate for imbalances in treatment groups.

Results

We retrieved data from 1,804 patients. In multivariate analysis, age, female gender, payment source, clinical N stage (cN) stages, and treatment modality were significant for disease-specific and overall survival. Patients submitted to surgery treatment had a significantly better disease-specific (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p <0.001) compared with chemoradiation. Propensity score matching was based on cN stage, gender, age, topography, and payment modality, and allowed the pairing of 685 patients from each treatment modality. There was a significant difference in disease-specific survival favoring surgery-based treatment (p = 0.017).

Conclusion

The treatment choice has a significant impact on survival in patients with stage III laryngeal cancer with surgery-based treatment being superior to chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Keywords
laryngeal neoplasms; propensity score; prognosis; surgery; radiotherapy

Introduction

The aim of cancer staging is to group patients with similar prognoses and to create categories with maximum separation between them. Clinical stage III laryngeal cancer corresponds to a heterogeneous group of patients with T1-T2 tumors and a single metastatic lymph node<3cm and without extracapsular spread (N1), or patients with cT3 primary tumor without lymph node metastases (N0) or staged as N1¹. Treatment of these patients depends on tumor extent andlocation, patient characteristics,experienceof the treating team with the options, and preferences and expectations of the patients.²

The usual treatment of laryngeal cancer was primarily surgical until the VA trial was published and caused a major shift in the approach of these patients, with the combination of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) assuming a major role due to the high rates of larynx preservation reported.³ The following years made clear that larynx preservation per se was not an adequate endpoint due to the significant ratesof laryngoesophageal dysfunction. Thepreservation of a dysfunctional larynx is not considered adequate.⁴,⁵ The concept of laryngeal function preservation using a nonsurgical treatment was further extended by the RTOG 91–11 trial, which compared sequential to simultaneous chemoradiation (CRT) with a significant advantage for the latter.⁶ The results of this trial were updated afterwards and showed a significant improvement in laryngeal preservation with simultaneous CRT, but overall survival was similar between the groups. Deaths not attributed to laryngeal cancer were higher in the simultaneous CRT group.⁷

These results were challenged by the analysis of retrospective and population-based databases. Chen et al. analyzed the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and found similar survival outcomes in stage III patients treated with surgery or CRT, but these were significantly better than exclusive RT.⁸ A further analysis of the same database disclosed a worsening survival for patients beginning in the mid-1990s, which was correlatedwith theshiftfrom surgical to nonsurgical therapy.⁹ An analysis from the SEER database also confirmed that surgical treatment was associated with higher survival rates.¹⁰ But in a retrospective series from a single institution, this treatment shift was associated with worse survival in stage IV patients, but not in stage III patients.¹¹ A meta-analysis of 15 studies showed a significant decrease in overall survival, disease-free survival, and locoregional control in T3 patients treated by laryngeal conservation protocol, but the number of patients enrolled in each study is small.¹² For patients with cT3 laryngeal carcinoma, four options are equally listed in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network: concurrent systemic therapy/RT with isolated RT if the patient is not a good candidate for chemotherapy or surgery with or without adjuvant therapy, induction chemotherapy or participation in clinical trials.¹³

The main objectof the present study is to analyze survival results of cT3 cN0–1 laryngeal cancer patients treated by surgery followed or not by adjuvant treatment or CRT in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using a population-based database.

Materials and Methods

Data for the present report were obtained from the website of the Fundação Oncocentro (http://www.fosp.saude.sp.gov.br) and were downloaded on September 10^th, 2019. These data are provided by several hospitals distributed across the entire state of São Paulo, both public and private, and contain standardized data collected from January 2000 to June 2019.

The inclusion criteria were topographical description code of C32 according to the International Disease Classification (IDC), morphological type of squamous cell carcinoma or its variants, lack of previous treatment, and clinical stage cT3 cN01–1 at diagnosis. Patients with in situ carcinoma or questionable stromal invasion at the morphological description were excluded from the present series. We also excluded patients treated by exclusive RT or other treatment combinations.

Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata 16 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) and R (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) software. Categorical variables were described by their frequencies and continuous variables, by range, mean and standard deviation (SD). Proportion comparisons were performed by the chi-squared test, while two means were compared by the Student t-test. Multiple groups means were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method followed by the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. To compensate for the nonrandom allocation of patients among different treatments with variable distribution imbalance, a propensity score analysis was performed. Pairing was performed by the nearest neighbor method using a 0.02 calipers. All tests were considered bicaudal, and a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Since the data are anonymous and public, no consent from the Ethics Committee for Medical Research was sought.

Results

After application of the inclusion criteria, data from 1,804 patients were retrieved. The demographic, clinical, and treatment variables for the entire cohort are shown in ►Table 1. There was a clear temporal trend of increase in nonsurgical treatment in the present series (►Fig. 1). The median time of follow-up was 33.5 months. At the last follow-up information, 156 patients (8.7%) were alive with recurrent/persistent cancer, 670 patients were alive without evidence of disease (37.1%), 649 patients (36.0%) were dead from cancer, and 329 patients (18.2%) were dead from other causes. The 5-year overall survival rate was of 45.34% (►Fig. 2), and the 5-year disease-specific survival was of 57.09% (►Fig. 3).

Table 1
Demographic, clinical, and treatment variables summary for the entire cohort

Variable	Categories	Number of patients (frequency)
Gender	Female	237 (13.1%)
	Male	1,567 (86.9%)
Age	Mean (SD)	60.5 years old (9.9 years old)
Insurance	Private insurance	57 (3.2%)
	Public health system	722 (40.0%)
	Self-payment	10 (0.5%)
	Undisclosed	1,015 (56.3%)
Topography	Glottis	540 (29.9%)
	Supraglottis	394 (21.8%)
	Infraglottis	16 (0.9%)
	Tra nsglot tic	46 (2.5%)
	Unspecified	808 (44.8%)
cN stage	cN0	1,422 (78.8%)
	cN1	382 (21.1%)
Treatment modality	Surgery	370 (20.5%)
	Surgery + RT	305 (16.9%)
	RT + CT	832 (46.1%)
	Surgery + RT + CT	298 (16.5%)

• Abbreviations: CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy; SD, standard deviation.

Fig. 1
Percentage of patients submitted to nonsurgical treatment according to year of treatment initiation.

Fig. 2
Overall survival for patients included in the present series. The 5-year interval is indicated by the vertical dotted line.

Fig. 3
Disease-specific survival for patients in the present series. The 5-year interval is indicated by the vertical dotted line.

In the univariate disease specific survival analysis, there were significant differences according to age at diagnosis, gender, cT stage, cN stage, laryngeal topography and treatment modality (►Table 2). The same variables remained significant in the multivariate analysis, with laryngeal topography demonstrating a worse prognosis for supraglottic or other laryngeal locations (►Table 3). In a comparison of patients treated by surgery with or without adjuvant treatment versus CRT, a significant survival advantage was observed in the second group (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.325; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.135–546; p < 0.001, ►Fig. 4). To evaluatethepresenceof immortal-timebias, weperformed a landmark analysis at the time periods of 3 and 6 months focusing on treatment modalities (unimodal versus multimodal).In thefirst landmark, 108 patients (5.98%)were excluded from the analysis and, in the second landmark, 357 patients (9.25%) were excluded. Theunadjusted andadjusted HRs are shown in ►Table 4.

Table 2
Univariate survival analysis with disease specific survival as the outcome of interest

Variable	Values	Hazard ratio	95%CI	p-value
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.7422	0.578–0.952	0.019
Age		1.018	1.009–1.026	<0.001
Payer	Private Insurance	1
	Public system	1.959	1.039–3.695	0.038
	Self-paid	1.804	0.395–8.235	0.446
	Not specified	2.234	1.192–4.187	0.012
Topography	Glottis	1
	Supraglottis	2.044	1.321–3.163	0.001
	Subglottis	1.191	0.489–2.902	0.699
	Other locations	1.293	1.033–1.617	0.025
cN	cN0	1
	cN1	1.573	1.321–1.874	< 0.001
Treatment	Surger y	1
	Surgery + RT	0.725	0.552–0.952	0.021
	RT + CT	1.232	1.001–1.517	0.050
	Surgery + RT + CT	1.080	0.839–1.391	0.547

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy.

Table 3
Multivariate survival analysis with disease specific survival as the outcome of interest

Variable	Values	Hazard ratio	95%CI	p-value
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.742	0.576–0.956	0.021
Age		1.019	1.011–1.028	< 0.001
Payer	Private Insurance	1
	Public system	2.116	1.187–3.770	0.011
	Self-paid	2.813	0.903–8.765	0.074
	Not specified	2.701	1.521–4.798	0.001
cN	cN0	1
	cN1	1.551	1.294–1.861	< 0.001
Treatment	Surger y	1
	Surgery + RT	0.739	0.577–0.946	0.016
	RT + CT	1.163	0.953–1.418	0.137
	Surgery + RT + CT	1.052	0.831–1.332	0.671
Topography	Glottis	1
	Supraglottis	1.284	1.057–1.559	0.012
	Subglottis	0.633	0.571–3.397	0.467
	Other locations	2.072	1.333–3.220	0.001

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy.

Fig. 4
Kaplan-Meier curves comparing single versus multimodal treatment. A significant survival advantage for patients submitted to surgery +/− adjuvant treatment is visible.

Table 4
Landmark analysis of patients at the 3- and 6-month time points

		Unadjusted models		Adjusted models
Survival model	Patients analyzed	HR (CI)	p-value	HR (CI)	p-value
Base model	1,804	0.804 (0.696–0.928)	0.003	1.297 (1.111–1.514)	0.001
Landmark at 3 months	1,696	1.426 (1.213–1.678)	< 0.001	1.401 (1.191–1.649)	< 0.001
Landmark at 6 months	1,637	1.377 (1.166–1.628)	< 0.001	1.354 (1.145–1.601)	< 0.001

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
• The covariates were fixed at the lowest level, if categorical, or at the mean, if continuous. Surgery with or without adjuvant treatment was considered as reference.

We compared patients with glottic and supraglottic primary tumors. There are significant differences between the two populations regarding gender proportion, cN stage, age at diagnosis, and treatment modality employed (►Table 5). After stratification for primary tumor site and using the landmark approach to reduce bias, we get two different survival models (►Table6). Treatment modalityand cNstage were significant for both sites, while age was significant only for glottic primaries. Gender was not significant in any model.

Table 5
Comparison between the patients with glottic and supraglottic primary tumors

Variable	Values	Glottic primary	Supraglottic primary	p-value
Gender	Female	49 (9.1%)	82 (20.8%)	< 0.001
	Male	491 (90.9%)	312 (79.2%)
Age	Mean (SD)	61.35 (9.89)	59.94 (9.03)	0.025
cN	0	487 (90.2%)	276 (70.1%)	< 0.001
	1	53 (9.8%)	118 (29.9%)
Treatment	Surgery +/− RT/CRT	244 (45.2%)	253 (64.2%)	< 0.001
	CRT	296 (54.8%)	141 (35.8%)

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; RT, radiotherapy; SD, standard deviation.

Table 6
Survival models according to primary tumor site (glottis versus supraglottis) with disease-specific survival as the outcome of interest

Variables	Values	HR	95%CI	p-value
Glottic primary tumor
Age		1.034	1.018–1.051	< 0.001
Gender	Male	1
	Female	1.061	0.613–1.838	0.832
cN	0	1
	1	1.541	0.940–2.527	0.086
Treatment modality	Surgery +/− RT/CRT	1
	CRT	1.249	1.027–1.701	0.015
Supraglottic primary tumor
Age		1.001	0.983–1.1019	0.892
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.761	0.492–1.175	0.218
cN	0	1
	1	1.448	1.029–2.038	0.034
Treatment modality	Surgery +/− RT/CRT	1
	CRT	1.125	1.012–1.589	0.041

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; HR, hazard ratio; RT, radiotherapy.

To compensate for differences in patient allocation, propensity score matching was performed. Using cN stage, gender, age, topography, and payment modality, it was possible to match 685 patients from each group. The distribution of the propensity scores according to treatment is shown in ►Fig. 5. The comparison of the survival curves by the log rank test showed a significant difference favoring the surgical group (p = 0.017, ►Fig. 6).

Fig. 5
Distribution of propensity score estimates according to treatment status.

Fig. 6
Comparison of survival curves according to treatment modality after pairing by propensity score. In this cohort, a significant advantage for surgery-based treatments remains.

With overall survival as the outcome of interest, a univariate analysis disclosed as significant the treatment modality, cN stage, primary tumor topography, payment modality, gender, and age (►Table 7). Multivariate analysis showed the same variables as being significant (►Table 8).

Table 7
Univariate survival analysis using overall survival as the outcome of interest

Variable	Values	Hazard ratio	95%CI	p-value
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.699	0.552–0.886	0.003
Age		1.025	1.018–1.033	< 0.001
Payer	Private Insurance	1
	Public system	2.387	1.227–4.641	0.010
	Self-paid	2.230	0.497–10.648	0.287
	Not specified	2.716	1.403–5.255	0.003
Topography	Glottis	1
	Supraglottis	1.808	1.218–2.685	0.003
	Subglottis	1.123	0.529–2.388	0.762
	Other locations	1.292	1.056–1.582	0.013
cN	cN0	1
	cN1	1.394	1.182–1.644	< 0.001
Treatment	Surger y	1
	Surgery + RT	0.725	0.552–0.953	0.021
	RT + CT	1.232	1.000–1.517	0.050
	Surgery + RT + CT	0.979	0.839–1.391	0.547

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; RT, radiotherapy.

Table 8
Multivariate survival analysis using overall survival as the outcome of interest

Variable	Values	Hazard ratio	95%CI	p-value
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.742	0.576–0.956	0.021
Age		1.019	1.011–1.028	< 0.001
Payer	Private Insurance	1
	Public system	2.030	1.074–3.837	0.029
	Self-paid	2.044	0.446–9.360	0.357
	Not specified	2.371	1.261–4.461	0.007
cN	cN0	1
	cN1	1.552	1.294–1.861	< 0.001
Treatment	Surger y	1
	Surgery + RT	0.702	0.534–0.925	0.012
	RT + CT	1.212	0.977–1.504	0.081
	Surgery + RT + CT	1.111	0.860–1.434	0.420
Topography	Glottis	1
	Supraglottis	2.072	1.333–3.220	0.001
	Subglottis	1.393	0.571–3.397	0.467
	Other locations	1.152	0.912–1.456	0.235

• Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy.

Discussion

We analyzed a public database containing information regarding stage III laryngeal cancer diagnosed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Since contribution to the database is voluntary, it does not represent the whole population, but a significant sample of it. Our major outcome of interest is survival, both disease-specific and overall. Since we have data focusing on a period of major transition from treatment modality, our major point of analysis is to compare surgery isolated or followed by adjuvant treatment versus chemoradiation.

In the present series, gender, age at diagnosis, tumor topography, cN stage, insurance status, and treatment modality were significantly associated with differences in survival rates. This finding correlates with a previous population-based series.⁸ Unfortunately, insurance status was missing from a significant number of patients, but its prognostic impact possibly relates to comorbidity and general health status, including differences in housing and nutrition, rather than quality of care or treatment facilities. In a series from the Ontario Cancer Registry, socioeconomic status was significant for survival in patients withglottic, but not with supraglottic laryngeal cancer with more advanced T stage, explaining 3 to 23% of this effect.¹⁴

Patients with cT3 cN0–1 stage III laryngeal cancer in this sample treated by primary surgery fared significantly better than those treated by CRT, and this difference remained after adjustment for nonrandom allocation by propensity score. This finding is unlike the VA trial³ but similar to those reported by Chen et al., whose patients treated by surgery followed or not by adjuvant treatment fared better than the CRT group.⁸ Another prospective randomized trial demonstrated similar disease-specific survival in patients treated by surgery and RT versus CRT with salvage surgery (60% versus 50%), and considers CRT a valid larynx preservation strategy.¹⁵ This finding demonstrates that our results are much closer to those reported by previous population-based analyses than those of prospective randomized trials conducted at tertiary centers. But a variable not recorded in the present series that significantly impacts survival is tumor volume. Patients with low volume (up to 3.5 cm3) cT3 tumors had higher survival rates when treated by exclusive RT.¹⁶ It calls attention that a careful patient selection using restrictive criteria may have a significant impact on the prognosis. In general, the overall survival for cT3 laryngeal cancers treated by exclusive RT ranges from 52¹⁷ to 83%.¹⁸ A significant limitation of these series are the not very clear inclusion criteria and the therapeutic selection bias. The nonrandom allocation of patients for different treatments was shown in a recent article using the NCDB. In patients with cT3/T4 laryngeal cancer, initial treatment with total laryngectomy or chemoradiation was more frequent in patients with low comorbidity index. Both modalities had comparable overall survival in patients with cT3cNx primary tumors.¹⁹ In a single institution series, the authors demonstrate equivalent survivals for cT3 patients treated by primary surgery or CRT, but emphasize the role of strict selection criteria to achieve these results.²⁰

The tumor primary site was significant for overall survival when comparing glottis with supraglottis and other locations in our series. Thisfinding contrast with the analysis of a Norwegian series that demonstrated similar prognosis for both glottic and supraglottic cancers only in cT3 patients.²¹ In our series, CRT decreased disease-specific survival in glottic and supraglottic tumors.

A meta-analysis of 25 studies on treatment outcomes for T3 glottic carcinomas demonstrated that disease-specific and overall survival were comparable in the surgery, RT and CRT arms, but with an improved local control in the surgery and CRT arms.²² The data fromthe NCDB support the use of RT-based larynx preservation strategy. In a series of 2,622 patients, overall and disease-specific survival were comparable between surgical and nonsurgical approaches.²³ A more recent analysis of the same database reported that patients treated by CRT had a significant better survival than those submitted to primary surgery in univariate analysis, but this advantage was not retained in multivariate analysis.²⁴ This may be related to nonrandom patient selection. But a retrospective series analyzing RT or CRT for cT3 cNx laryngeal carcinoma showed improved local control and laryngectomy-free survival withminimal increase in toxicity for patients submitted to CRT.²⁵ Interestingly, Timmermans et al. reported on the results from the Netherlands Cancer Institute showing no survival difference between T3 and T4 tumors. The treatment option, as dictated by institutional protocols, was nonsurgical for T3 patients and surgical for T4 patients. The authors suggest that the lack of a survival difference may be related to the treatment option.²⁶ Our results show that surgery alone or associated with adjuvant treatment is superior to CRT. This result is in line with that reported by Chen et al., who favor surgery over nonsurgical approaches.⁸

Conclusion

The treatment choice has a significant impact on survival in patients with stage III laryngeal cancer, with surgery-based treatments having improved outcome when compared with CRT. In this population, the results of the previously reported prospective randomized trials are not reproduced.

References

• ¹
  Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, Washington MK, Gershenwald JE, Compton CC, Hess KR, et al. (Eds.) AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (8th edition). Springer International Publishing: American Joint Commission on Cancer; 2017
• ²
  Wheless SA, McKinney KA, Zanation AM. A prospective study of the clinical impact of a multidisciplinary head and neck tumor board. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;143(05):650–654
• ³
  Wolf GT, Fisher SG, Hong WK, et al; Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 1991;324(24): 1685–1690
• ⁴
  Lefebvre JL, Ang KKLarynx Preservation Consensus Panel. Larynx preservation clinical trial design: key issues and recommendations–a consensus panel summary. Head Neck 2009;31(04): 429–441
• ⁵
  Hutcheson KA, Lewin JS. Functional outcomes after chemoradio-therapy of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers. Curr Oncol Rep 2012;14(02):158–165
• ⁶
  Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349(22):2091–2098
• ⁷
  Forastiere AA, Zhang Q, Weber RS, etal. Long-termresults of RTOG 91-11: a comparison of three nonsurgical treatment strategies to preserve the larynx in patients with locally advanced larynx cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(07):845–852
• ⁸
  Chen AY, Halpern M. Factors predictive of survival in advanced laryngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133 (12):1270–1276
• ⁹
  Hoffman HT, Porter K, Karnell LH, et al. Laryngeal cancer in the United States: changes in demographics, patterns of care, and survival. Laryngoscope 2006;116(9 Pt 2):(Suppl 111):1–13
• ¹⁰
  Carvalho AL, Nishimoto IN, Califano JA, Kowalski LP. Trends in incidence and prognosis for head and neck cancer in the United States: a site-specific analysis of the SEER database. Int J Cancer 2005;114(05):806–816
• ¹¹
  Gourin CG, Conger BT, Sheils WC, Bilodeau PA, Coleman TA, Porubsky ES. The effect of treatment on survival in patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2009;119 (07):1312–1317
• ¹²
  Tang ZX, Gong JL, Wang YH, et al. Efficacy comparison between primary total laryngectomy and nonsurgical organ-preservation strategies in treatment of advanced stage laryngeal cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(21):e10625
• ¹³
  NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology [Internet]. Plymouth Meeting: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; c. 2020 Accessed Aug 11, 2020 at: https://www.nccn.-org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/head-and-neck.pdf
  » https://www.nccn.-org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/head-and-neck.pdf
• ¹⁴
  Groome PA, Schulze KM, Keller S, et al. Explaining socioeconomic status effects in laryngeal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18(04):283–292
• ¹⁵
  Soo KC, Tan EH, Wee J, et al. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison. Br J Cancer 2005;93(03):279–286
• ¹⁶
  Mendenhall WM, Dagan R, Bryant CM, Amdur RJ, Mancuso AA. Definitive radio- therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. Cancer Contr 2016;23(03):208–212
• ¹⁷
  Hinerman RW, Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Amdur RJ, Werning JW, Villaret DB. T3 and T4 true vocal cord squamous carcinomas treated with external beam irradiation: a single institution’s 35-year experience. Am J Clin Oncol 2007;30(02):181–185
• ¹⁸
  Issa MR, Samuels SE, Bellile E, Shalabi FL, Eisbruch A, Wolf G. Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2015;7(04):2236–2261
• ¹⁹
  Bollig C, Ahmad J, Dooley L. Effect of medical comorbidities on treatment regimen and survival in T3/T4 laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2020;130(06):1459–1464
• ²⁰
  Timme DW, Jonnalagadda S, Patel R, Rao K, Robbins KT. Treatment Selection for T3/T4a Laryngeal Cancer: Chemoradiation Versus Primary Surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015;124(11): 845–851
• ²¹
  Brandstorp-Boesen J, Sørum Falk R, Boysen M, Brøndbo K. Impact of stage, management and recurrence on survival rates in laryngeal cancer. PLoS One 2017;12(07):e0179371
• ²²
  Kim BH, Park SJ, Jeong WJ, Ahn SH. Comparison of treatment outcomes for T3 glottic squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2018;11(01):1–8
• ²³
  Ko HC, Harari PM, Chen S, et al. Survival outcomes for patients with T3N0M0 squamous cell carcinomof the glottic larynx. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;143(11):1126–1133
• ²⁴
  Bates JE, Amdur RJ, Morris CM, et al. Curative-dose chemoradiotherapy versus total laryngectomy for stage T3–T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Am J Clin Oncol 2019;42(06): 527–533
• ²⁵
  Al-Mamgani A, Tans L, van Rooij P, Levendag PC. A single-institutional experience of 15 years of treating T3 laryngeal cancer with primary radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83(03):1000–1006
• ²⁶
  Timmermans AJ, de Gooijer CJ, Hamming-Vrieze O, Hilgers FJM, van den Brekel MW. T3-T4 laryngeal cancer in The Netherlands Cancer Institute; 10-year results of the consistent application of an organ-preserving/-sacrificing protocol. Head Neck 2015;37 (10):1495–1503

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  Jul-Sep 2022

History

• Received
  02 June 2020
• Accepted
  21 Nov 2020
• Published
  03 Nov 2021