Kokong et al.1717 Kokong DD, Bakari A, Ahmad BM. Ototoxicity in Nigeria: why it persists. Ear Nose Throat J 2014;93(07):256-264
|
Yes (not mentioned) |
Tinnitus, vertigo |
• Pure tone audiometry • Tympanometry |
• Pure tone audiometry Patients with a history of CQ use were assessed and, in the sample of 44 ears, 9 presented normal responses while the remaining ears demonstrated some degree of hearing loss: 6 mild, 7 moderate, 7 severe, and 15 profound. |
Coutinho and Duarte33 Coutinho MB, Duarte I. Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a child with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002;62(01):53-57
|
Yes (3 weeks) |
Fullness in AD |
• Otoscopy • Pure tone audiometry (AC: 125 - 8000 Hz) (BC: 250 - 4000 Hz) • Speech audiometry • Acoustic immittance testing • BERA (click-evoked) |
• Otoscopy: Normal. • Pure tone audiometry: Normal hearing in the AS and mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss in the AD. • Speech audiometry: Excellent speech recognition in the AS (100%) and diminished recognition in the AD (50%). • Acoustic immittance testing: No signs of middle ear impairment (using tympanometry) and no acoustic reflexes in the AD. • BERA: In the AS, easily identifiable, strong, and normal waves, with normal absolute and interpeak latencies. In the AD, absent identifiable or replicable waves at 90 dB HL. |
Johansen and Gran66 Johansen PB, Gran JT. Ototoxicity due to hydroxychloroquine: report of two cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16(04):472-474
|
Yes (1 month) |
Not mentioned |
• Pure tone audiometry |
• Pure tone audiometry (in June 1994 and 1996): Sensorineural hearing loss. |
Hadi et al.55 Hadi U, Nuwayhid N, Hasbini AS. Chloroquine ototoxicity: an idiosyncratic phenomenon. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 114(03):491-493
|
Yes (8 days) |
Unsteadiness while walking |
• BERA • Pure tone audiometry (AC: 250-8,000 Hz) (BC: 500-4,000 Hz) |
• BERA 10 days after injection: Bilaterally absent responses. 9 months after: An ambiguous hearing threshold at 80 dB in the AS, and absent responses in the AD. At 4 years: A hearing threshold between 70-75 dB in the AS and absent responses in the AD. |
Nrako1919 Obiako MN. Chloroquine ototoxicity: an iatrogenic problem. Mater Med Pol 1985;17(03):195-197
|
Yes (1 or 2 days after the last injection [no other periods are mentioned]) |
Vertigo, tinnitus, ataxia |
• Pure tone audiometry |
• Pure tone audiometry: 10 patients presented absolute deafness; 25 demonstrated severe hearing loss, more than 80 dB at all frequencies; 15 exhibited moderate hearing loss, between 25-30 dB at speech frequencies and more than 40 dB at the higher frequencies. About 8 patients presented recruitment. |
Gustafsson et al.1515 Gustafsson LL, Walker O, Alván G, et al. Disposition of chloroquine in man after single intravenous and oral doses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;15(04):471-479
|
No |
Dizziness |
• Pure tone audiometry (125-8,000 Hz) • High-frequency audiometry (8,000-14,000 Hz) |
• Pure tone audiometry: No unusual results were recorded in the audiogram. • High-frequency audiometry: The results did not reflect any significant damage to hearing or balance in the entire group. |
Mukherjee1818 Mukherjee DK. Chloroquine ototoxicity-a reversible phenomenon? J Laryngol Otol 1979;93(08):809-815
|
Yes (10 days) |
Unsteadiness while standing |
• Pure tone audiometry (AC: 128-8,192 Hz) (BC: 256-4,096 Hz) |
• Pure tone audiometry The first audiometry (the assessment occurred one week after the last CQ injection): Severe sensorineural hearing loss in AU. After 10 days of treatment: Considerable improvement in hearing. After 2 more weeks: Recovery of “socially acceptable” hearing +. |
Dwivedi and Mehra1313 Dwivedi GS, Mehra YN. Ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. A case report. J Laryngol Otol 1978;92(08):701-703
|
Yes (1.5 hours after taking the pills) |
Tinnitus, vertigo, vomiting |
• Otoscopy • Pure tone audiometry (AC: 250–2,000 Hz) • Acoustic immittance testing |
• Otoscopy: Clean external auditory canals and normal tympanic membranes. • Pure tone audiometry: In the AS, no threshold responses were recorded within audiometric limits; in the AD, there were only responses to the 500, 750, and 2,000 Hz frequencies, at the loudest volume. • Acoustic immittance testing: a normal tympanogram and very slow acoustic stapedial reflexes in AU, at 500 Hz and only at 125 dB. |