Lederberg88 Lederberg AR, Golbach T. Parenting stress and social support in hearing mothers of deaf and hearing children: a longitudinal study. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2002;7(04):330–345
|
USA |
Longitudinal |
23 hearing mothers of CWHL and 23 hearing mothers of hearing children |
23 CWHL (13 girls, 10 boys; 51.4 ± 1.7 months; range 48–57 months) 23 CW normal hearing (13 girls, 10 boys; 50 ± 1.7 months; range 48–53 months) |
Questionnaire on resources and stress short form (QRS-F), Parenting stress index (PSI), Social support questionnaire |
Validated |
Pipp-Siegel99 Pipp-Siegel S, Sedey AL, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2002;7(01):1–17
|
USA |
Not mentioned |
184 hearing mothers of CWHL |
184 CWHL (73 boys, 111 girls; 26.04 ± 13.60 months; range 6 to 67 months) |
Parental stress index-short form (PSI/SF), parenting daily hassles scale, family support scale, Minnesota child development inventory-expressive language scale |
Validated |
Spahn1010 Spahn C, Richter B, Burger T, Löhle E, Wirsching M. A comparison between parents of children with cochlear implants and parents of children with hearing aids regarding parental distress and treatment expectations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003;67 (09):947–955
|
Germany |
Cross sectional |
154 parents of CWHA (81 mothers, 73 fathers); 103 parents of CWCI (57 mothers, 46 fathers) |
154 CWHA (6.8 years; range 2–16 years), 103 CWCI (7 years; 2 to 16 years) |
Self-assessment of parental emotional state, initial information questionnaire, treatment expectations, family climate scale |
Validated |
Hintermair1111 Hintermair M. Sense of coherence: a relevant resource in the coping process of mothers of deaf and hard-of-hearing children? J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2004;9(01):15–26
|
Germany |
Not mentioned |
235 mothers of CWHL |
235 CWHL (8.13 ± 3.1 years; 1–13 years) |
Sense of Coherence questionnaire (SOC/short form), stress questionnaire (SOEBEK), Life satisfaction scale |
Validated |
Hintermair1212 Hintermair M. Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2006;11(04):493–513
|
Germany |
Questionnaire based |
213 parents of CWHL (200 hearing mothers, 13 mothers with hearing loss; 206 hearing fathers, 7 fathers with hearing loss) |
213 CWHL (93 girls, 120 boys; mean age 9.9 years) |
Parental stress index (PSI), strength and difficulties questionnaire, sense of coherence questionnaire, social support questionnaire |
Validated |
Burger et al.1313 Burger T, Spahn C, Richter B, Eissele S, Löhle E, Bengel J. Psychic stress and quality of life in parents during decisive phases in the therapy of their hearing-impaired children. Ear Hear 2006;27 (04):313–320
|
Germany |
Prospective |
123 parents (60 fathers, 63 mothers) of CWCI and CWHA. |
33 boys, 34 girls; mean 38 months |
Parental psychic stress, German version of symptom checklist (SCL-90-R), the everyday life questionnaire |
Validated |
Weisel et al.1414 Weisel A, Most T, Michael R. Mothers’ stress and expectations as a function of time since child’s cochlear implantation. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2007;12(01):55–64
|
Israel |
Cross sectional |
64 mothers of CWCI |
64 CWCI (32 girls, 32 boys; 72.66 ± 45.8 months; range 9 months to 14.6 years) |
Family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale, parental stress index/ short form (PSI-SF), attitudes toward CI |
Validated |
Zaidman-Zait.1515 Zaidman-Zait A. Everyday Problemsand Stress Faced by Parents of Children With Cochlear Implants. Rehabil Psychol 2008; 53:139–152
|
Canada |
Not mentioned |
31 parents (26 mothers, 5 fathers) hearing parents of CWCI |
31 CWCI (6.32 ± 3.93 years; rangei 2 months to 13 years) |
Parental stress index/short form (PSI-SF), life satisfaction scale |
Validated |
Meinzen et al.1616 Meinzen-Derr J, Lim LHY, Choo DI, Buyniski S, Wiley S. Pediatric hearing impairment caregiver experience: impact of duration of hearing loss on parental stress. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008;72(11):1693–1703
|
USA |
Cross sectional |
152 hearing parents (123 mothers, 18 fathers, 11 other family members) of CWHL |
152 CWHL (79 boys, 73 girls; median 78.5, range 6–257 months) |
Pediatric hearing-impaired caregiver experience |
Developed and validated |
Asberg et al.1717 Åsberg KK, Vogel JJ, Bowers CA. Exploring correlates and predictors of stress in parents of children who are deaf: Implications of perceived social support and mode of communication. J Child Fam Stud 2008;17:486–499
|
USA |
Exploratory |
35 parents (29 mothers, 6 fathers) of CWHL |
35 CWHL (19 boys & 16 girls; 99.63 ± 42.7 months, range 31–198 months) |
Parental stress index (PSI), multidimensional scale of perceived social support, inventory of socially supportive behaviors, satisfaction with life scale |
Validated |
Dogan1818 Doǧan M. Comparison of the parents of children with and without hearing loss in terms of stress, depression, and trait anxiety. Int J Early Child Spec Educ. 2010;2:231–253
|
Turkey |
Casual comparative |
460 parents, 230 CWHL, 230 children with normal hearing |
230 CWHL (10.57 ± 4.17 years), Children with normal hearing (10.04 ± 3.23 years) |
Stress self-assessment checklist, Beck depression inventory, trait anxiety inventory |
Validated |
Quittner et al.1919 Quittner AL, Barker DH, Cruz I, Snell C, Grimley ME, Botteri Mthe CDaCI Investigative Team. Parenting Stress among Parents of Deaf and Hearing Children: Associations with Language Delays and Behavior Problems. Parent Sci Pract 2010;10(02):136–155
|
USA |
Cross-sectional |
181 parents of CWHL, 92 parents of children with normal hearing |
181 CWHL (2.2 ± 1.2 years), 92 children with normal hearing (2.3 ± 1.1 years) |
Parenting stress index-short form, family stress scale, child behavior checklist, observational measure of child negativity |
Validated |
Topol et al.2020 Topol D, Girard N, St Pierre L, Tucker R, Vohr B. The effects of maternal stress and child language ability on behavioral outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss at 18-24months. Early Hum Dev 2011;87(12):807–811
|
USA |
Prospective observational |
27 mothers of CWHL, 79 mothers of children with normal hearing |
27 CWHL (12 girls, 18 boys, 22.5 ± 2.5 months; 79 children with normal hearing (34 girls, 57 boys, 22.1 ± 2.2 months) |
Parenting stress index (PSI), Child behavior checklist |
Validated |
Oghalai et al.2121 Oghalai JS, Caudle SE, Bentley B, et al. Cognitive outcomes and familial stress after cochlear implantation in deaf children with and without developmental delays. Otol Neurotol 2012;33(06): 947–956
|
USA |
Retrospective |
204 parents of CI |
204 CWCI |
Mullen scales of early learning, Vineland adaptive behavior scales, parental stress index, preschool language scale |
Validated |
Hashemi et al.2222 Hashemi SB, Monshizadeh L. A comparison between the mothers of cochlear implanted children and mothers of children with hearing aid in the level of depression, anxiety and stress. Biomed Pharmacol J 2012;5:241–245
|
Iran |
Not mentioned |
45 mothers of CWCI, 36 mothers of CWHA |
5–8 years |
Depression anxiety stress scale- 21 |
Validated |
Chen et al.2323 Chen YA, Chan KC, Liao PJ, Chen CK, Wu CM. Parental stress in raising Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope 2013;123(05):1241–1246
|
China |
Retrospective, cross-sectional case series |
113 mothers of CWCI |
113 CWCI (50 boys, 63 girls; 0– 12 years) |
Parenting stress index (Taiwanese) |
Validated |
Noor et al.2424 Md Daud MK, Noor SSM, Yusoff MNCM, Abd Rahman N, Zakaria MN. Gender differences in coping skills of parents with hearing-impaired children. B-ENT 2013;9(04):319–323
|
Malaysia |
Cross-sectional |
62 parents (31 mothers 31 fathers) of CWHL |
62 CWHL |
Brief COPE scale |
Validated |
Plotkin et al.2525 Plotkin RM, Brice PJ, Reesman JH. It is not just stress: parent personality in raising a deaf child. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2014;19 (03):347–357
|
USA |
Not mentioned |
114 parents (74 mothers and 40 fathers) of CWHL |
64 boys 50 girls; 5.90 ± 1.99 years |
The family stress scale, NEO five-factor inventory, child behavior checklist |
Validated |
Sarant et al.2626 Sarant J, Garrard P. Parenting stress in parents of children with cochlear implants: relationships among parent stress, child language, and unilateral versus bilateral implants. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2014;19(01):85–106
|
Australia |
Cross-sectional |
70 parents (68 mothers 2 fathers) of CWCI |
70 CWCI (34 girls, 36 boys; 6.6 ± 1.4 years) |
Parenting stress index, Moller’s family rating scale |
Validated |
Prakash et al.2727 Prakash SS, Prakash SGR, Ravichandran A, Susan K, Alex W. Mothers of Children Using Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants. Int J Spec Educ 2013;28:37–44
|
India |
Not mentioned |
50 mothers of CWHL |
50 CWHL (5.3 years; range 4–7 years) |
Parental stress index, Centre for Epidemiological Studies depression scale |
Validated |
Stika et al.2828 Stika CJ, Eisenberg LS, Johnson KC, et al. Developmental outcomes of early-identified children who are hard of hearing at 12 to 18 months of age. Early Hum Dev 2015;91(01):47–55
|
USA |
Prospective study |
Parents of 28 children CWHL, parents of 42 children with normal hearing |
28 CW mild to severe HL (12–18 months), 42 CW normal hearing of similar age |
Mullen scales of early learning, preschool language scale, MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventory, infant-toddler social and emotional assessment, Vineland adaptive behavior scales, Parenting stress index-short form, maternal self-efficacy scale |
Validated |
Dirks et al.2929 Dirks E, Uilenburg N, Rieffe C. Parental stress among parents of toddlers with moderate hearing loss. Res Dev Disabil 2016; 55:27–36. Doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.0...
|
The Netherlands |
Not mentioned |
60 parents (30 CW moderate HL, 30 CW hearing) |
30 CWHL (27.7 ± 5.6 months, 11 boys, 19 girls) |
Nijmegen parenting stress index, Dutch non-speech test, infant-toddler social and emotional Assessment, multidimensional scale of perceived social support |
Validated |
Zaidman-Zait et al.3030 Zaidman-Zait A, Most T, Tarrasch R, Haddad-eid E, Brand D. The Impact of Childhood Hearing Loss on the Family: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Stress and Coping Resources. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2016; 21(01):23–33
|
Israel |
Not mentioned |
60 parents (30 mothers, 30 fathers) of CWHL. All 30 mothers and 27 of the fathers |
30 CWHL (1 5 girls, 15 boys; 5.7 ± 1.63 years, range 3–8 years) |
Family stress scale, parental acceptance questionnaire, early intervention parental self- |
Validated |
|
|
|
had normal hearing; 3 fathers had HL. |
|
efficacy scale, parental involvement and self-efficacy scale, support system questionnaire |
|
Zaidman-Zait et al.3131 Zaidman-Zait A, Most T, Tarrasch R, Haddad E. Mothers’ and fathers’ involvement in intervention programs for deaf and hard of hearing children. Disabil Rehabil 2018;40(11): 1301–1309
|
Israel |
Not mentioned |
60 parents (30 mothers, 30 fathers) of CWHL. All 30 mothers and 27 of the fathers had normal hearing; 3 fathers had HL. |
30 CWHL (15 girls, 15 boys; 5.7 ± 1.63 years, range 3–7 years) |
Parental involvement questionnaire, Impact of HL on family questionnaire, early intervention parental self-efficacy scale, support system questionnaire |
Validated |
Dev et al.3232 Dev AN, Lohith U, Pascal B, Dutt CS, Dutt SN. A questionnaire-based analysis of parental perspectives on pediatric cochlear implant (CI) re/habilitation services: a pilot study from a developing CI service in India. Cochlear Implants Int 2018;19(06): 338–349
|
India |
Not mentioned |
30 parents (24 mothers 6 fathers) of CWCI |
20 CWCI (138 ± 57 months, range 13 months to 22.2 years) |
Service delivery, parental stress levels, reasons for delay in obtaining services, sources of emotional support, concerns, and fears |
Developed non-standardized |
Levinger et al.3333 Levinger M, Alhuzail NA. Bedouin hearing parents of children with hearing loss: Stress, coping, and quality of life. Am Ann Deaf 2018;163(03):328–355
|
Israel |
Not mentioned |
84 parents (57 mothers, 11 fathers, 16 other family members) of CWHL |
84 CWHL (8.33 ± 3.19 years, range 1–16 years) |
Parenting stress index/short form; family crisis oriented personal evaluation scales; the family quality of life scale |
Validated |
Dammeyer et al.3434 Dammeyer J, Hansen AT, Crowe K, Marschark M. Childhood hearing loss: Impact on parents and family life. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019;120:140–145
|
Denmark |
Cross sectional |
257 parents (220 mothers, 37 fathers) of CWHL |
257 CWHL (118 girls 139 boys, 8.8 ± 4 years) |
Strength and difficulties questionnaire |
Validated |
Study id
|
Location
|
Study design
|
Participants
|
Data collection measures
|
Anmyr et al.3535 Anmyr L, Larsson K, Olsson M. Parents’ Stress and Coping Related to Children’s Use of a Cochlear Implant: A Qualitative Study. J Soc Work Disabil Rehabil 2016;15(02):150–167
|
Sweden |
Qualitative content analysis |
12 parents of CWCI |
Semi-structured interviews |
Park et al.3636 Park J, Yoon J. A phenomenological study of parenting stress among korean mothers of deaf children. Am Ann Deaf 2018;163 (04):440–462
|
Korea |
Phenomenological |
5 mothers CWHL |
Semi-structured interviews |
Jean et al.3737 Jean YQ, Mazlan R, Ahmad M, Maamor N. Parenting stress and maternal coherence: mothers with deaf or hard-of-hearing children. Am J Audiol 2018;27(03):260–271
|
Malaysia |
Grounded theory approach |
15 mothers of CWHL |
Semi-structured interviews |