Peak et. al. (2019) (11. Peak TC, Russell GB, Dutta R, Rothberg MB, Chapple AG, Hemal AK. A National Cancer Database-based nomogram to predict lymph node metastasis in penile cancer. BJU Int. 2019; 123:1005-10.) |
1636 |
NR |
NR |
Grade: |
|
0.002 |
G2 (vs. G1) |
2.58 (1.39-4.79) |
|
G3-4 (vs. G1) |
3.27 (1.70-6.29) |
|
LVI |
2.49 (1.61-3.84) |
<0.0001 |
cN+: |
20.0 (11.4-35.7) |
<0.0001 |
N1 vs. N0 |
27.8 (14.1-55.6) |
|
N2 vs. N0 |
49.2 (14.8-162.8) |
|
N3 vs. N0 |
|
|
Qu et. al. (2018) (55. Qu XM, Siemens DR, Louie AV, Yip D, Mahmud A. Validation of predictors for lymph node status in penile cancer: Results from a population-based cohort. Can Urol Assoc J. 2018; 12:119-25.) |
380 |
≥N1 |
63 (17) |
Age ≤60 |
0.68 (0.52-0.88) |
0.003 |
≥T1b |
3.32 (1.38-8.01) |
0.0075 |
G2 (vs. 1) |
2.98 (1.26-7.62) |
0.023 |
G3 (vs. 1) |
3.97 (1.32-11.9) |
0.014 |
T2a |
0.341 (0.111-1.049) |
0.061 |
T2b |
2.20 (0.399-12.120) |
0.365 |
T3 |
0.075 (0.012-0.462) |
0.005 |
Maciel et. al. (2019) (3434. Maciel CVM, Machado RD, Morini MA, Mattos PAL, Dos Reis R, Dos Reis RB, et al. External validation of nomogram to predict inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with penile cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes. Int Braz J Urol. 2019; 45:671-8.) |
65 |
≥N1 |
24 (37) |
G2 |
0.731 (0.282-1.893) |
0.518 |
G3 |
1.489 (0.145-15.235) |
0.737 |
LVI |
5.965 (0.857-41.507) |
0.071 |
P53 expression |
1.789 (0.602-5.318) |
0.296 |
≥T2 |
NR |
0.079 |
≥G2 |
NR |
0.118 |
LVI |
5.35 (1.009-28.313) |
0.049 |
Zhu et. al. (2007) (1919. Zhu Y, Zhou XY, Yao XD, Dai B, Ye DW. The prognostic significance of p53, Ki-67, epithelial cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in penile squamous cell carcinoma treated with surgery. BJU Int. 2007; 100:204-8.) |
73 |
≥N1 |
30 (41) |
High p53 |
6.01 (1.402-25.764) |
0.016 |
High Ki-67 |
NR |
0.861 |
High E-cadherin |
NR |
0.089 |
High MMP-9 |
NR |
0.852 |
≥T2 |
NR |
0.012 |
Vascular invasion |
NR |
0.005 |
50+% different |
NR |
0.043 |
Slaton et. al. (2001) (3535. Slaton JW, Morgenstern N, Levy DA, Santos MW Jr, Tamboli P, Ro JY, et al. Tumor stage, vascular invasion and the percentage of poorly differentiated cancer: independent prognosticators for inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile squamous cancer. J Urol. 2001; 165:1138-42.) |
48 |
≥N1 |
18 (38) |
G2+ |
NR |
0.393 |
≥20 mitoses/10hpf |
NR |
0.196 |
Tumor depth |
NR |
0.522 |
Tumor thickness |
NR |
0.786 |
Tumor thickness |
0.78 (0.27-2.21) |
0.6378 |
Vertical growth pattern |
2.40 (0.84-6.80) |
0.1008 |
G2-3 |
0.79 (0.28-2.25) |
0.1110 |
LVI |
15.48 (5.37-44.61) |
<0.0001 |
Ficarra et. al. (2006) (3636. Ficarra V, Zattoni F, Artibani W, Fandella A, Martignoni G, Novara G, et al. Penile Cancer Project Members. Nomogram predictive of pathological inguinal lymph node involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. J Urol. 2006; 175:1700-4; discussion 1704-5.) |
175 |
N+ |
71 (41) |
Corpora cavernosa infiltr |
1.76 (0.69-4.53) |
0.2387 |
Corpus spongiosum infiltr |
2.30 (0.87-6.05) |
0.0915 |
Urethra infiltr |
1.55 (0.50-4.82) |
0.4519 |
cN+ |
6.14 (2.44-15.43) |
0.0001 |
LVI |
6.75 (1.28-35.73) |
0.024 |
T2a |
2.61 (0.68-10.1) |
0.17 |
T2b |
7.32 (0.66-81.52) |
0.10 |
Zhu et. al. (2010) (66. Zhu Y, Zhang HL, Yao XD, Zhang SL, Dai B, Shen YJ, et al. Development and evaluation of a nomogram to predict inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with penile cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes. J Urol. 2010; 184:539-45.) |
110 |
≥N1 |
26 (24) |
T3 |
3.78 (0.44-32.66) |
0.22 |
G2 |
2.77 (0.72-10.72) |
0.14 |
G3 |
6.89 (0.77-61.88) |
0.09 |
Strong p53 |
3.22 (0.96-10.86) |
0.058 |
Velazquez et. al. (2008) (3737. Velazquez EF, Ayala G, Liu H, Chaux A, Zanotti M, Torres J, et al. Histologic grade and perineural invasion are more important than tumor thickness as predictor of nodal metastasis in penile squamous cell carcinoma invading 5 to 10 mm. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32:974-9.) |
134 |
N+ |
66 (49) |
PNI |
NR |
0.001 |
High grade |
NR |
0.0001 |
High grade |
14.68 (2.40-89.87) |
0.004 |
Bhagat et. al. (2010) (3838. Bhagat SK, Gopalakrishnan G, Kekre NS, Chacko NK, Kumar S, Manipadam MT, et al. Factors predicting inguinal node metastasis in squamous cell cancer of penis. World J Urol. 2010; 28:93-8.) |
53 |
pN+ |
22 (42) |
LVI |
9.83 (1.71-56.57) |
0.01 |
cN+ |
7.78 (0.97-62.18) |
0.05 |
LVI |
3.1 (1.4-6.9) |
<0.05 |
T2 |
1.50 (0.58-3.88) |
>0.05 |
Winters et. al. (2016) (3939. Winters BR, Mossanen M, Holt SK, Lin DW, Wright JL. Predictors of Nodal Upstaging in Clinical Node Negative Patients With Penile Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis. Urology. 2016; 96:29-34. Erratum in: Urology. 2017; 108:243.) |
206 |
pN1+ |
51 (25) |
T3/4 |
1.52 (0.57-4.01) |
>0.05 |
G3/4 |
1.38 (0.66-2.88) |
>0.05 |
LVI |
2.173 (1.094-4.320) |
0.027 |
Grade: |
|
0.011 |
Intermediate |
3.309 (1.223-8.949) |
|
Poor |
4.874 (1.730-13.730) |
|
Graafland et. al. (2010) (4040. Graafland NM, Lam W, Leijte JA, Yap T, Gallee MP, Corbishley C, et al. Prognostic factors for occult inguinal lymph node involvement in penile carcinoma and assessment of the high-risk EAU subgroup: a two-institution analysis of 342 clinically node-negative patients. Eur Urol. 2010; 58:742-7.) |
342 |
N+ |
68 (20) |
Corpus spongiosum invasion |
1.465 (0.738-2.909) |
0.28 |
Corpus cavernosum invasion |
1.591 (0.782-3.234) |
0.20 |
Urethral invasion |
0.906 (0.360-2.279) |
0.83 |
≥T1b |
2.67 (1.16-6.15) |
0.02 |
Fonseca et. al. (2013) (88. Fonseca AG, Soares FA, Burbano RR, Silvestre RV, Pinto LO. Human Papilloma Virus: Prevalence, distribution and predictive value to lymphatic metastasis in penile carcinoma. Int Braz J Urol. 2013; 39:542-50.) |
82 |
N+ |
46 (56) |
LVI |
2.09 (1.03-4.22) |
0.04 |
Infiltrative invasion |
2.00 (1.00-4.03) |
0.03 |
T2-3 (vs. 1) |
NR |
0.004 |
Dai et. al. (2006) (4141. Dai B, Ye DW, Kong YY, Yao XD, Zhang HL, Shen YJ. Predicting regional lymph node metastasis in Chinese patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma: the role of histopathological classification, tumor stage and depth of invasion. J Urol. 2006; 176(4 Pt 1):1431-5; discussion 1435.) |
72 |
≥N1 |
23 (32) |
G2/3 |
NR |
0.207 |
Tumor depth |
NR |
<0.001 |
Tumor depth |
NR |
0.03 |
Vascular invasion |
NR |
0.02 |
Age |
NR |
0.24 |
Emerson et. al. (2001) (4242. Emerson RE, Ulbright TM, Eble JN, Geary WA, Eckert GJ, Cheng L. Predicting cancer progression in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma: the importance of depth of invasion and vascular invasion. Mod Pathol. 2001; 14:963-8.) |
22 |
≥N1 |
10 (45) |
Stage |
NR |
0.28 |
Grade |
NR |
0.53 |
Carcinoma in situ |
NR |
1.00 |
cN+ |
8.9 (2.7-29.2) |
<0.001 |
PNI |
9.6 (2.7-33.6) |
<0.001 |
Termini et. al. (2015) (1010. Termini L, Fregnani JH, Boccardo E, da Costa WH, Longatto-Filho A, Andreoli MA, Costa MC, Lopes A, da Cunha IW, Soares FA, Villa LL, Guimarães GC. SOD2 immunoexpression predicts lymph node metastasis in penile cancer. BMC Clin Pathol. 2015; 15:3.) |
125 |
N+ |
44 (35) |
Tumor depth |
11.6 (1.4-97.1) |
0.023 |
SOD2 overexpression |
3.4 (1.1-10.1) |
0.029 |
LVI |
7.224 (0.831-22.730) |
0.029 |
Absent koilocytosis |
0.088 (2.628-50.718) |
0.001 |
Nascimento et. al. (2020) (1414. Nascimento ADMTD, Pinho JD, Júnior AALT, Larges JS, Soares FM, Calixto JRR, et al. Angiolymphatic invasion and absence of koilocytosis predict lymph node metastasis in penile cancer patients and might justify prophylactic lymphadenectomy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99:e19128.) |
55 |
pN+ |
28 (51) |
Grade |
2.333 (0.101-2.232) |
0.288 |
cN+ |
1.106 (0.023-0.821) |
0.888 |
PNI |
0.24 (0.126-2.488) |
0.099 |
Stage |
1.389 (0.124-2.017) |
0.649 |
G2 (vs. 1) |
2.8 (0.997-7.459) |
0.04 |
G3 (vs. 1) |
6.8 (2.560-19.793) |
<0.001 |
Stage: |
|
0.362 |
pT2 |
3.8 (0.836-16.406) |
|
Ramkumar et. al. (2009) (4343. Ramkumar A, Seshadri RA, Narayanaswamy K, Balasubramanian S. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in clinically node-negative penile cancer patients. Int J Urol. 2009; 16:383-6; discussion 386-7.) |
200 |
pN1+ |
31 (16) |
pT3-pT4 |
3.1 (0.725-26.361) |
|
Extent of penile surgery: |
|
0.49 |
Partial |
0.3 (0.208-4.798) |
|
Total |
0.3 (0.177-6.303) |
|
Warli et. al. (2020) (2121. Warli SM, Siregar GP. Over-expression of Ki-67 as a predictor of lymph node metastasis in penile cancer patients. F100020, 24. [Internet]. Available at. <https://f1000research.com/articles/9-289> https://f1000research.com/articles/9-289...
) |
48 |
N+ |
34 (71) |
Ki-67 |
NR |
0.045 |
G2 (vs. 1) |
26.52 (2.29-306.86) |
0.0087 |
G3 (vs. 1) |
44.92 (3.34-604.66) |
0.0041 |
Alkatout et. al. (2011) (99. Alkatout I, Naumann CM, Hedderich J, Hegele A, Bolenz C, Jünemann KP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: predicting nodal metastases by histologic grade, pattern of invasion and clinical examination. Urol Oncol. 2011; 29:774-81.) |
72 |
N+ |
34 (47) |
cN+ |
3.30 (0.97-11.16) |
0.0554 |
Reticular invasion |
5.64 (1.56-20.43) |
0.0084 |
cN+ |
8.58 (3.37-21.87) |
<0.001 |
T2 (vs. 1) |
6.37 (1.67-24.35) |
0.007 |
T3-4 (vs. 1) |
10.98 (1.59-75.64) |
0.015 |
G2 (vs. 1) |
7.62 (3.106-18.74) |
<0.001 |
Wang et. al. (2018) (4444. Wang JY, Gao MZ, Yu DX, Xie DD, Wang Y, Bi LK, et al. Histological subtype is a significant predictor for inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. Asian J Androl. 2018; 20:265-9.) |
198 |
N+ |
96 (48) |
G3-4 (vs. 1) |
9.13 (2.00-41.57) |
0.004 |
Intermediate risk histology |
3.66 (1.30-10.37) |
0.021 |
High risk histology |
28.74 (2.37-348.54) |
0.008 |
LVI |
2.84 (0.40-20.01) |
0.296 |
High grade |
NR |
0.02 |
Lymphatic invasion |
NR |
0.02 |
Ficarra et. al. (2002) (4545. Ficarra V, Martignoni G, Maffei N, Cerruto MA, Novara G, Cavalleri S, et al. Predictive pathological factors of lymph nodes involvement in the squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002; 34:245-50.) |
30 |
pN+ |
9 (30) |
Vascular invasion |
NR |
0.97 |
Corpora cavernosa invasion |
NR |
0.84 |
Urethra infiltration |
NR |
0.77 |
CRP >20 |
NR |
0.04 |
Residential area |
NR |
0.5 |
Al Ghazal et. al. (2013) (2222. Al Ghazal A, Steffens S, Steinestel J, Lehmann R, Schnoeller TJ, Schulte-Hostede A, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein values predict nodal metastasis in patients with penile cancer. BMC Urol. 2013; 13:53.) |
51 |
N+ |
16 (31) |
BMI |
NR |
0.9 |
Age |
NR |
0.9 |
Stage |
NR |
0.01 |
Grade |
NR |
0.1 |
G3-4 (vs. 1) |
6.467 (1.241-33.684) |
0.027 |
Zhou et. al. (2020) (4646. Zhou X, Zhong Y, Song L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, et al. Nomograms to predict the presence and extent of inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile cancer patients with clinically positive lymph nodes. Transl Androl Urol. 2020; 9:621-8.) |
75 |
≥N1 |
31 (41) |
LVI |
5.162 (1.056-25.243) |
0.043 |
Short diameter to largest clinical LN |
1.349 (1.133-1.606) |
0.001 |
G2 (vs. 1) |
2.16 |
0.02 |
Unadkat et. al. (2020) (4747. Unadkat P, Fleishman A, Olumi A, Wagner A, Chang P, Kim S, et al. MP11-04 contemporary incidence and predictors of occult inguinal lymph node metastases in men with cn0 penile cancer. J Urol. 2020, e136. [Internet]. Available at. <https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/JU.0000000000000831.04> https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/...
) |
590 |
pN+ |
142 (24) |
G3-4 (vs. 1) |
2.81 |
<0.001 |
LVI |
3.12 |
<0.001 |
Diffuse PD-L1 expression |
NR |
<0.01 |
Ottenhoff et. al. (2017) (1717. Ottenhof SR, Vegt E. The role of PET/CT imaging in penile cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6:833-8.) |
213 |
N+ |
66 (31) |
cN+ |
3.83 (1.4-10.0) |
<0.05 |
Lymphatic invasion |
3.95 (1.5-10.4) |
<0.05 |
Guimaraes et. al. (2006) (4848. Guimarães GC, Lopes A, Campos RS, Zequi Sde C, Leal ML, Carvalho AL, et al. Front pattern of invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: new prognostic factor for predicting risk of lymph node metastases. Urology. 2006; 68:148-53.) |
112 |
N+ |
55 (49) |
Infiltrating invasion |
4.18 (1.5-11.3) |
0.005 |
Radiograph LN |
NR |
0.001 |
Luchey et. al. (2014) (4949. Luchey A, Espiritu P, Gopman J, Agarwal G, Pow-Sang JM, Sexton WJ, et al. Inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer: Predictors of lymph node metastasis. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32: Issue 4_suppl. Available at. <https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.386> https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco...
) |
51 |
pN+ |
31 (61) |
Age <65 |
NR |
0.049 |
Li et. al. (2019) (5050. Li K, Sun J, Wei X, Wu G, Wang F, Fan C, et al. Prognostic value of lymphovascular invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis following surgery. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19:476.) |
891 |
N1-N3 |
166 (19) |
LVI |
NR |
<0.001 |
Lopes et. al. (2002) (2020. Lopes A, Bezerra AL, Pinto CA, Serrano SV, de MellO CA, Villa LL. p53 as a new prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis in penile carcinoma: analysis of 82 patients treated with amputation and bilateral lymphadenectomy. J Urol. 2002; 168:81-6.) |
82 |
N+ |
42 (51) |
p53 overexpression |
4.8 (1.6-14.9) |
<0.05 |
Lymphatic embolization |
9.4 (2.8-31.6) |
<0.05 |
Barua et. al. (2018) (77. Barua SK, Kaman PK, Baruah SJ, T P R, Bagchi PK, Sarma D, et al. Role of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI) in Assessment of Primary Penile Tumor Characteristics and Its Correlations With Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis: A Prospective Study. World J Oncol. 2018; 9:145-50.) |
26 |
N+ |
NR |
Apparent diffusion capacity on DW-MRI |
NR |
0.001 |
Hu et. al. (2019) (5151. Hu X, Chen M, Li Y, Wang Y, Wen S, Jun F. Overexpression of ID1 promotes tumor progression in penile squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2019; 41:1091-1100.) |
64 |
N+ |
26 (41) |
ID1 overexpression |
NR |
0.007 |