Cutajar 1992 (1717 Cutajar CL. Norfloxacin prophylaxis for endoscopic urological surgery. Br J Urol. 1992;69:421-4.) |
Malta |
RCT |
Patients undergoing PCNL |
Bacteremia was defined as the presence of bacteria in the blood (not necessarily associated with urinary tract infection) and septicemia was diagnosed when the patient developed pyrexia and rigors. |
Norfloxacin before PCNL and post-operatively for a total of 6 doses vs. A single intravenous dose of cefuroxime given before PCNL |
35 vs. 35 |
Dogan 2002 (1515 Doğan HS, Sahin A, Cetinkaya Y, Akdoğan B, Ozden E, Kendi S. Antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study in 81 patients. J Endourol. 2002;16:649-53.) |
Turkey |
RCT |
Patients who had sterile urine preoperatively and a large stone burden or stones resistant to SWL |
NA |
Ofloxacin per day until removal of the nephrostomy catheter vs. A single dose of ofloxacin intravenously during induction of anesthesia |
38 vs. 43 |
Demirtas et al. 2012 (1313 Demirtas A, Yildirim YE, Sofikerim M, Kaya EG, Akinsal EC, Tombul ST, et al. Comparison of infection and urosepsis rates of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone prophylaxis before percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a prospective and randomised study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:916381.) |
Turkey |
RCT |
Patients undergoing PCNL |
SIRS was defined as two or more of these criteria: white blood cell count < 4,000 or >12,000, heart rate >100 per minute, fever <36°C or >38°C, respiratory rate >20 per minute. Urosepsis was defined as bacteriuria or bacteremia with SIRS positive criteria. |
The first subgroup had daily dose antibiotic (ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone) continued after the first preoperative dose antibiotic and until nephrostomy tube was extracted. The second subgroup was administered a preoperative single dose (ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone); the postoperative was discontinued following the one given in the 12th hour. vs. A single dose of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone), rather than postoperative dose. |
60 vs. 30 |
Seyrek et al. 2012 (1414 Seyrek M, Binbay M, Yuruk E, Akman T, Aslan R, Yazici O, et al. Perioperative prophylaxis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: randomized study concerning the drug and dosage. J Endourol. 2012;26:1431-6.) |
Turkey |
RCT |
Patients undergoing PCNL |
SIRS was defined as two or more of these criteria: white blood cell count < 4,000 or >12,000, heart rate >100 per minute, fever <36°C or >38°C, respiratory rate >20 per minute. |
Sulbactam-ampicillin 30 minutes before surgery, and then every 6 hours until removal of the nephrostomy tube; sulbactam-ampicillin 30 minutes before and 12 hours after surgery; cefuroxime 30 minutes before and 12 hours after surgery; or cefuroxime 30 minutes before surgery, and then every 8 hours until removal of the nephrostomy tube. vs. Sulbactam-ampicillin 30 minutes before surgery or cefuroxime 30 minutes before surgery |
128 vs. 63 |
Tuzel et al. 2013 (1818 Tuzel E, Aktepe OC, Akdogan B. Prospective comparative study of two protocols of antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol. 2013;27:172-6.) |
Turkey |
RCT |
Patients with renal stones > 2 cm and with preoperative sterile urine who underwent PCNL |
NA |
Ceftriaxone plus an oral third-generation cephalosporin until nephrostomy catheter withdrawal. vs. A single dose of ceftriaxone during induction of anesthesia 30 minutes before the operation |
37 vs. 36 |
Chae et al. 2018 (1919 Chae HK, Kim M, Shin JH, Park HK. Comparison of the Efficacy between the Single-Dose and Three-Day Prophylactic Antibiotic Regimens for the Prevention of Bacterial Infections in Patients with Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Randomized Controlled Study. Urogenit Tract Infect. 2018;13:66-71.) |
Korea |
RCT |
Patients undergoing PCNL |
SIRS was defined as two or more of these criteria: white blood cell count < 4,000 or >12,000, heart rate >100 per minute, fever <36°C or >38°C, respiratory rate >20 per minute. |
Ceftriaxone preoperatively and additional oral cefpodoxime proxetil for three days vs. A single dose of ceftriaxone 30 minutes before the PCNL |
20 vs. 20 |
Omar et al. 2019 (1616 Omar M, Selim M, El Sherif E, Abozaid N, Farag E, El Garabawey M, et al. Ciprofloxacin infusion versus third generation cephalosporin as a surgical prophylaxis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized study. Cent European J Urol. 2019;72:57-61.) |
Egypt |
RCT |
Patients undergoing PCNL |
NA |
Cefotaxime divided into 2 doses, 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia and 12 hours later vs. A single dose of ciprofloxacin |
43 vs. 41 |