Fitzousa E, et al.1010 Fitzsousa E, Anderson N, Reisman A. This institution was never meant for me: the impact of institutional historical portraiture on medical students. J Gen Intern Med. 2019; 34(12):2738-39., 2019, USA,Qualitative Study. |
I; III |
Understand what students think about the workforce in training. |
15 students |
The portraits of the graduates reflect the institution’s racial and gender bias. |
Kalifa A, et al.1111 Kalifa A, Okuori A, Kamdem O, Abatan D, Yahya S, Brown A. This shouldn’t be our job to help you do this: exploring the responses of medical schools across Canada to address anti-Black racismo in 2020. CMAJ. 2022; 194(41):1395-403., 2022, Canada, Qualitative Study |
I |
Explore how medical schools approach racism. |
8 students; 4 deans; 7 staff and 11 professors. |
Structural racism persists in the institution and there is no action to combat it. |
Morrison N, et al.1212 Morrison N, Machado M, Blackburn C. Student perspectives on barriers to performance for black and minority ethnic graduate-entry medical students: qualitative study in a West Midlands medical school. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:1-11., 2019, England, Qualitative Study |
I |
Exploring the experiences of black students with low academic performance. |
24 students Focus Group |
Due to racism, black students face barriers at university. |
Burgess DJ, et al.1313 Burgess DJ, Burke SE, Cunningham BA, Dovidio JF, Hardeman RR, Hou Y, et al. Medical students’ learning orientation regarding interracial interactions affects preparedness to care for minority patients: a report from Medical Student CHANGES. BMC Med Educ. 2016; 16(1):254-61., 2016, USA, Quantitative Study. |
I; II |
Identify the promotion of activities that favor interracial interactions. |
2394 students |
The institution held courses to reduce racial prejudice. |
Escalante E, et al.1414 Escalante E, Smiley Y, Agrawal D, Teach SJ, Cora-Bramble D, Barber A. Increasing pediatric residency class diversity to improve patient outcomes and address structural racism. Acad Med. 2022; 97(6):850-4., 2022, USA, Quantitative Study. |
I |
Addressing racial disparity to combat racism in care practices. |
85 students |
An anti-racism initiative was implemented in the residency program. |
Dyrbye L, et al.1515 Dyrbye L, Herrin J, West CP, Wittlin NM, Dovidio JF, Hardeman R, et al. Association of racial bias with burnout among resident physicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(7):1-15., 2019, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
To assess the association between burnout and racial prejudice among residents. |
3392 students |
“Burnout is associated with racial prejudice and interferes with medical care. |
Sanky C, et al.1616 Sanky C, Bai H, He C, Appel JM. Medical students knowledge of race-related history reveals areas for improvement in achieving health equity. BMC Med Educ. 2022; 22(1):1-10., 2022, USA, Quantitative |
I |
Evaluating knowledge about black protagonism. |
166 students |
There is racism in health and little knowledge about anti-racist protagonism. |
Phelan SM, et al.1717 Phelan SM, Burke SE, Cunningham BA, Perry SP, Hardeman RR, Dovidio JF, et al. The effects of racism in medical education on students decisions to practice in underserved or minority communities. Acad Med. 2019; 94(8):1178-89. , 2019, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
To identify the racial prejudice of students when they enroll in clinical internships. |
3756 students |
The racism expressed by students is associated with their decision not to do internships in poor communities. |
Kristoffersson E, et al.1818 Kristoffersson E, Hamberg K. I have to do twice as well: managing everyday racism in a Swedish medical school. BMC Med Educ. 2022; 22(1):235-41., 2022, Sweden, Qualitative Study |
I; III |
Indicate how medical schools can combat discrimination. |
15 students |
There have been insufficient anti-racist policies and actions to deal with discrimination. |
Ona FF, et al.1919 Ona FF, Amutah-Onukagha NN, Asemamaw R, Schlaff AL. Struggles and tensions in antiracism education in medical school: lessons learned. Acad Med. 2020; 95(12):163-8. , 2020, USA, Qualitative Study |
I; II |
Developing and implementing an anti-racist curriculum at the medical school. |
22 students |
Starting with a “pilot” project for anti-racist education, curricular reforms and institutional changes were proposed. |
Perdomo J, et al.2020 Perdomo J, Tolliver D, Hsu H, He Y, Nash KA, Donatelli S, et al. Health equity rounds: an interdisciplinary case conference to address implicit bias and structural racism for faculty and trainees. MedEdPORTAL. 2019; 15:10858. , 2019, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
Discuss and address the impact of structural racism on health. |
66 students |
The Proposal implemented provided tools to reduce institutional racism and prejudice. |
Van Ryn M, et al.2121 van Ryn M, Hardeman R, Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Dovidio JF, Herrin J, et al. Medical school experiences associated with change in implicit racial bias among 3547 students: a medical student CHANGES study report. J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30(12):1748-56., 2015, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
Examining racial prejudice among medical students. |
3547 students |
Racist attitudes are built up in childhood and are difficult to change. |
Tsai J, et al.2222 Tsai J, Ucik L, Baldwin N, Hasslinger C, George P. Race matters? examining and rethinking race portrayal in preclinical medical education. Acad Med. 2016; 91(7):916-20., 2016, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
To discuss the teaching of the concept of race in medical education. |
350 lectures |
The slides showed that race was presented as a determinant of health risk. |
Burke SE, et al.2323 Burke SE, Dovidio JF, Perry SP, Burgess DJ, Hardeman RR, Phelan SM, et al. Informal training experiences and explicit bias against african americans among medical students. Soc Psychol Q. 2017; 80(1):65-84., 2017, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
To examine the effects of racism of white medical students in the clinical internship. |
2922 students |
It is necessary to address racial prejudice due to racist occurrences in medical education and health. |
Kristoffersson E, et al.2424 Kristoffersson E, Rönnqvist H, Andersson J, Bengs C, Hamberg K. It was as if I wasn’t there: experiences of everyday racism in a Swedish medical school. Soc Sci Med. 2021; 270:113678., 2021, Sweden, Qualitative Study |
I; II |
To analyze whether black and Latina students in the medical clinic feel excluded. |
18 students |
Students feel excluded and teachers must provide theoretical concepts for understanding discrimination. |
Davis DLF, et al.2525 Davis DLF, Tran-Taylor D, Imbert E, Wong JO, Chou CL. Start the way you want to finish: an intensive diversity, equity, inclusion orientation curriculum in undergraduate medical education. J Med Educ Curric. 2021; (8):23821205211000352., 2021, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
Addressing racial diversity in medical schools. |
615 students |
Through the “DMO” program, concepts about racial diversity were introduced. |
Davis D, et al.2626 Davis D, Dorsey JK, Franks RD, Sackett PR, Searcy CA, Zhao X. Do racial and ethnic group differences in performance on the MCAT exam reflect test bias? Acad Med. 2013; 88(5):593-602., 2013, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
Examining the MCAT scores of white, Black and Latinx medical school students. |
45800 examinations |
The MCAT does not have a racist bias, even though the scores of Blacks and Latinxs are lower. |
Bright HR, et al.2727 Bright HR, Nokes K. Impact of a discussion series on race on medical student perceptions of bias in health care. PRIMER. 2019; 3:29. , 2019, USA, Quantitative Study |
I; II |
Comparing the perceptions of two groups of students on race and health |
84 students |
Participants in the training reported greater comfort when talking about race and racism. |
Low D, et al.2828 Low D, Pollack SW, Liao ZC, Maestas R, Kirven LE, Eacker AM, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in clinical grading in medical school. Teach Learn Med. 2019; 31(5):487-96. , 2019, USA, Quantitative Study |
I |
To evaluate the association between race/ethnicity in student assessments. |
7366 words in 1096 assessments |
There is a racialization in performance evaluation summaries, internship grades and written exams. |
Grimm LJ, et al.2929 Grimm LJ, Redmond RA, Campbell JC, Rosette AS. Gender and racial bias in radiology residency letters of recommendation. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020; 17(1):64-71., 2020, USA, Quantitative Study |
I; III |
Identify the use of the expressions: agency and community skills in Letters of Recommendation. |
2624 Letters of Recommendation |
The term community was used more to describe black people and agency for women. |
Perry SP, et al.3030 Perry SP, Hardeman R, Burke SE, Cunningham B, Burgess DJ, van Ryn M. The impact of everyday discrimination and racial identity centrality on african american medical student well-being: a report from the medical student CHANGE study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016; 3(3):519-26., 2016, USA, Quantitative Study |
I; III |
Identify how students feel at university. |
4732 students |
Racial prejudice from white students is detrimental to the well-being of black students at university. |
Chin MH, et al.3131 Chin MH, Aburmishan MM, Zhu M. Standup comedy principles and the personal monologue to explore interpersonal bias: experiential learning in a health disparities course. BMC Med Educ. 2022; 22(1):80., 2022, USA, Qualitative Study |
I |
To check whether students identify racial inequalities and prejudices. |
17 students |
The activity gave the students the skills to understand racial prejudice. |
Degife E, et al.3232 Degife E, Ijeli C, Muhammad MI, Nobles A, Reisman A. Educational intervention against biological racism. Clin Teach. 2021; 18(5):542-46., 2021, USA, Quantitative Study |
I; II |
To know the knowledge of students and facilitators to address racism. |
102 students and 40 facilitators |
Anti-racist teaching has enabled a critical view of the misuse of the concept of race in clinical contexts. |
Capers Q, et al.3333 Capers Q, Clinchot D, McDougle L, Greenwald AG. Implicit Racial Bias in Medical School Admissions. Acad Med. 2017; 92(3):365-9., 2017, USA, Quantitative Study |
I; II |
Measuring implicit racial bias in college admissions. |
43 professors and 97 students |
There is racial prejudice in college admissions. We need to increase racial diversity. |