Al-Assaf et al. 23
|
Bradycardia, sinus rhythm, and 2:1 atrioventricular block |
Slightly dilated aorta |
Positive |
Edema of the interventricular septum and myocarditis |
No changes were recorded. |
Definitive cardiac pacemaker |
Hospital discharge |
Nikoo et al. 24
|
Sinus rhythm |
Diffuse hypokinesis with reduced LVEF of 20% to 25% |
Positive |
Diffuse myocardial inflammation of the left ventricular myocardium |
Hypotension; SaO 2 92%; hypercoagulability; increased troponin I, prothrombin time, and INR; and hydroelectrolytic disorders |
Amiodarone; dexamethasone; temporary cardiac pacemaker |
Hospital discharge |
Fischer et al. 25
|
Diffuse elevation of the ST segment without reciprocal changes |
Mild diffuse hypokinesis with preserved LVEF (50%) |
Positive |
Moderate left ventricle dysfunction, involvement of posterolateral wall of the left ventricle related to acute myocardial edema, LGE, and myocarditis |
The hemodynamics of the patient remained stable. Increased high-sensivity troponin I was related. |
Bisoprolol; ramipril |
Hospital discharge |
Malekrah et al. 26
|
Intermittent block of the left branch; episodes of atrial fibrillation with bradycardia |
Normal |
Positive |
Not performed |
SaO 2 85% and normal blood pressure |
Hydroxychloroquine; combination of lopinavir and ritonavir; permanent cardiac pacemaker |
Persistence of left branch block |
Purdy et al. 27
|
Sinus taquicardia with J-spot elevation in inferolateral leads |
Reduced LVEF (25%) with diffuse hypokinesis and moderately dilated right ventricle with reduced right ventricular function |
Positive |
Not performed |
Low cardiac output and cardiac index with progression to cardiogenic shock; SaO 2 95% |
Methylprednisolone; hydroxychloroquine + empirical antibiotic; aspirin, atorvastatin, isosorbide, dinitrate, hydralazine, carvedilol, and eplerenone |
Hospital discharge |
Sinus tachycardia |
Reduced LVEF (45%), hypokinesis, and moderate pericardial effusion |
Positive |
Not performed |
Lactic acidosis, elevated NT-proBNP and D-dimer, and diagnosis with cardiogenic shock, which was treated |
Hydroxychloroquine, vitamin C, zinc, and atorvastatin |
Hospital discharge |
Tiwary et al. 28
|
Left bundle branch block |
Pericardial effusion, early right ventricular ventricle prolapse, and ventricular wall thickening |
Positive |
Not performed |
Increased troponin I, progressive hypotension, and progressive increase of fraction of inspired oxygen |
Norepinephrine and vasopressin, remdesivir, convalescent plasma, dexamethasone and cefepima + doxycycline |
Hospital discharge |
Abdelazeem et al. 29
|
Atrial fibrillation |
Left ventricular hypertrophy and infiltrative cardiomyopathy |
Positive |
Extensive myocarditis involving sub-epicardial and mid-wall of the left ventricular and interventricular septum |
Increased troponin I, increased BNP, and increased D-dimer |
Diltiazem, steroids, antibiotics, remdesivir, and convalescent plasma |
Hospital discharge |
Mathews et al. 30
|
Sinus rhythm |
Reduced LVEF (24%) |
Positive |
Not performed |
Increased troponin, increased NT-proBNP, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
Metimazole + prednisone |
Not informed |
Veronese et al. 31
|
Ventricular tachycardia |
Hypocontratile left ventricle, reduced LVEF (30%), and wall thickening |
Positive |
Biventricular functional recovery, diffuse edema recovery, LGE involving LV basal-lateral and basal-inferior walls, and myocarditis |
Cardiogenic shock with severe metabolic acidosis, increased troponin I, hypotension, signs of peripheral hypoperfusion, and SaO 2 93% |
Mechanical circulatory support with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation + veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator + methylprednisolone pulse therapy |
Not informed |
Venkata et al. 32
|
Sinus rhythm |
Preserved LVEF, severely dilated right ventricle, and severe tricuspid regurgitation |
Positive |
Not performed |
Elevated high-sensitivity troponin I and D-dimer |
Ventilatory support in prone position, norepinephrine, and vasopressin |
Death |
Dabbagh et al . 33
|
Low voltage in member derivations |
Slightly reduced LVEF and pericardial effusion |
Positive |
Not performed |
Normal troponin I and midly elevated BNP |
Intubation, cardiac catheterization, hydroxychloroquine, colchicin, and glucocorticoids |
Hospital discharge |
Mangiameli et al. 34
|
ST-segment elevation in anteroseptal leads and ST-segment depression with T-wave inversion in DIII and aVF |
Anteroapical wall hypokinesis and reduced LVEF (20%) |
Positive |
Not performed |
Normal blood pressure, SaO 2 81%, elevated high-sensitivity troponin T |
Emergency coronary angiography, nitroglycerin, and verapamil |
Death |
Faraj et al. 35
|
Sinus rhythm |
Pericardial effusion |
Positive |
Not performed |
Normal blood pressure, SaO 2 85% to 88%, elevated platelet counts, and elevated ferritin |
Colchicin, vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, and azithromycin |
Hospital discharge |
Cárdenes et al. 36
|
Isolated elevation in D3 and ST unevenness in V2-V4 |
Left ventricular dysfunction with inferolateral hypokinesis |
Positive |
Not performed |
Increased troponin T, D-dimer, BNP, and lactate dehydrogenase; septic shock and cardiogenic shock associated; hypercoagubility; and DIC |
Norepinephrine, emergency cardiac catheterization, percutaneous coronary intervention, and placement of 2 drug-eluting stents; hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab |
Death |
Bascuñana et al. 37
|
Sinus rhythm |
No changes |
Positive |
Not performed |
Normal blood pressure, SaO 2 93%, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, high serum C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I level, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase |
Oxygen therapy, volume replacement, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and methylprednisolone |
Hospital discharge |
Minhas et al. 38
|
Sinus tachycardia and ST segment elevation in I and aVL leads |
Reduced LVEF (20%) |
Positive |
Not performed |
High blood presure, SaO 2 82%, increased troponin I level, and evolution to cardiogenic shock |
Dual antiplatelet therapy, heparin, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin |
Death |
Haddadin et al. 39
|
Complete heart block with junctional ventricular escape rhythm |
Thickened mitral valve leaflets and dilated left atrium |
Positive |
Not performed |
High blood pressure, SaO 2 97%, leukocytosis, anemia, hyponatremia, elevated C-reactive protein, and elevated fibrinogen |
Introduction of dual camera cardiac pacemaker |
Death |
Loghin et al. 40
|
Sinus taquicardia and ST elevation in leads II, III, aVF, and V6 |
No changes |
Positive |
Myocardial edema and myocarditis |
Hemodynamic stability |
Orotracheal intubation |
Hospital discharge |
Rey et al. 41
|
ST-segment elevation in the lower leads and v4 to V6, Q wave, and first degree atrioventricular block |
No changes |
Positive |
Not performed |
Thrombocytosis, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, high blood pressure, SaO 2 92%, elevated C-reactive protein, elevated D-dimer, and DIC |
Tirofiban, aspirin, plasugrel, enoxaparin, hydroxychloroquine, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin |
Death |
Nicol et al. 42
|
Sinus tachycardia |
Reduced LVEF (45%), low cardiac output, and small pericardial effusion |
Positive |
Systolic dysfunction with global hypokinesia, myocardial inflammation, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and LGE |
High blood pressure; elevated BNP, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and cardiac troponin (high-sensitivity troponin I) |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and antibiotic |
Hospital discharge |
Yokoo et al. 43
|
Showed no signs of ischemia |
Reduced LVEF (35%) |
Positive |
Ischemic pattern on the left ventricle base septum wall, diffuse hypokinesia, global systolic function involvement, myocarditis, and LGE areas with an ischemic pattern on the left ventricle base septum wall |
SaO 2 91% and high troponin T |
Antibiotics, steroids, and hemodynamic monitoring |
Hospital discharge |
Bernal-Torres et al. 44
|
Diffuse elevation of the ST segment, with depression of the PR segment and Spodick sign |
Reduced LVEF (30%), global hypokinesis, and mild pericardial effusion |
Positive |
Transmural extent of myocardial edema to both ventricles, myocarditis, and left ventricular LGE |
Elevated jugular venous pressure, hypontesion, cardiogenic shock, SaO 2 95%, metabolic acidosis, and increased troponin I and BNP |
Oxygen therapy, methylprednisolone, human immunoglobulin, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, norepinephrine, dobutamine, levosimendan, and furosemide |
Hospital discharge |