| American adults (14,386)88 O'Neil C, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Tree nut consumption is associated with better adiposity measures and cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome health risk factors in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005-2010. Nutr J. 2015;14:64-72.
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≥ ¼ ounce/day of tree nuts (almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts) |
2 multiple pass 24-h dietary recalls |
Decreased body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, insulin resistanceIncreased HDL-cLowered chances of obesity and overweight |
| CAD patients with optimal LDL-c and low HDL-c (37)99 Jamshed H, Sultan FA, Igbal R, Gilani AH. Dietary almonds increase serum HDL cholesterol in coronary artery disease patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2015:145(10):2287-92.
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10 g/day of Pakistan or American almonds |
6 weeks |
Increased HDL-cDecreased TG, LDL-c, VLDL-c, TC/HDL-c and LDL/HDL-c ratio and atherogenic index |
| Indian dyslipidemic adults (60)1010 Kasliwal RR, Bansal Mehrotra R, Yeptho KP, Trehan N. Effect of pistachio nut consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Nutrition. 2015;31(5):678-85.
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80 g/day of pistachios in shell, roasted and salted |
12 weeks |
Increased HDL-cDecreased LDL-c, TC/HDL-c ratio and fasting blood glucoseImproved vascular function |
| Adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (30)1111 Sauder KA, McCrea CE, Ulbrecht JS, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG. Effects of pistachios on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Metabolism. 2015;64(11):1521-9.
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Roasted pistachios that provided 20% of daily energy (59 to 128 g) |
4 weeks |
Decreased TC, TC/HDL-c ratio, TG and fructosamine |
| Hypercholesterolemic patients (18)1212 Damasceno NR, Perez-Heras A, Serra M, Cofa M, Sala-Vila A, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Crossover study of diets enriched with virgin olive oil, walnuts or almonds: effects on lipids and other cardiovascular risk markers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Jun;21 Suppl 1:S14-20.
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Virgin olive oil (35 to 50 g/day), almonds (50 to 75 g/day) and walnuts (40 to 6 g/day) |
4 weeks |
Decreased TC, LDL-c, LDL/HDL-c ratio (results were more expressive with the almonds supplementation, possibly due to the greater content of phytosterol) |
| Adults with metabolic syndrome (50)1717 Lopez-Uriarte P, Nogués R, Saez G, Bulló M, Romeu M, Masana L, et al. Effect of nut consumption on oxidative stress and the endothelial function in metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2010;29(3):373-80.
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Mixed raw nuts with skin (15 g/day of walnuts, 7.5 g/day of almonds,
7.5 g/day of hazelnuts) |
12 weeks |
Decreased DNA damage (measured by 8-oxo-dG urinary excretion), inflammatory biomarker (IL-6) |
| Subjects at increased cardiovascular risk (22)1919 Canales A, Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Bastida S, Librelotto J, Nus M, Corella D, et al. Effect of walnut-enriched meat on the relationship between VCAM, ICAM, and LTB4 levels and PON-1 activity in ApoA4 360 and PON-1 allele carriers at increased cardiovascular risk. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(6):703-10.
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300 g of walnut paste-enriched meat/week (containing 20% walnut paste) |
5 weeks |
Decreased sVCAM, sICAM and Leukotriene B4 |
| Hypercholesterolemic volunteers (21)2020 Orem A, Yucesan FB, Orem C, Akcan B, Kural BV, Alasalvar C, et al. Hazelnut-enriched diet improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers beyond a lipid-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7(2):123-31.
|
49 to 86 g/day hazelnut enriched diet |
4 weeks |
Decreased CRP and sVCAMImproved endothelial dysfunction |
