Association between the Phytochemical Index and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adults

Carvalhaes, Vanessa Zanoni; Meireles, George César Ximenes; Catarino, Regina Maria; Bueno, Rosemeire

doi:10.36660/ijcs.20220055

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Brasil

International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

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Brasil

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Sumário

ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Int J Cardiovasc Sci 36 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20220055 copy

Association between the Phytochemical Index and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adults

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background

There are few publications about the association between the phytochemical index (PI) and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Objective

To evaluate the association between the PI and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study with 141 adults, between 20 and 59 years of age. We analyzed lifestyle (physical activity), sociodemographic data (sex, age), anthropometric data (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]), biochemical data (lipid profile, blood glucose), food consumption, and phytochemical intake (expressed as PI = daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods ÷ total daily energy intake × 100). We performed bivariate analyses (Spearman’s correlation) and multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounders, considering p < 0.05 as significant.

Results

The median PI was 9.80 (interquartile range: 11.45). PI was inversely correlated with BMI (rs: −0.43) and WC (rs: −0.36) and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) (rs: 0.25), all with p < 0.05. In multiple regression analysis, PI was inversely associated with BMI (B: −0.08; 95%CI: −0.15, −0.01) after adjusting for total energy, sex, age, and physical activity; and positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (Model 1 adjusted for total energy, sex, age, and physical activity [B: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.41]; Model 2 adjusted for BMI, sex, age, and physical activity [B: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.008, 0.40]; Model 3 adjusted for WC, sex, age, and physical activity [B: 0.20; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.40]), all with p < 0.05.

Conclusion

The results have demonstrated that higher phytochemical intake, expressed by PI, was inversely associated with BMI and positively associated with HDL-cholesterol.

Phytochemicals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk factors; Adults

Variables	n = 141
Age (years)	36 (22)^*
Sex
Female	90.1^†
Male	9.9^†
Physical activity
No	62.4^†
Yes	37.6^†
Weight (kg)	74.2 (17.9)^*
Height (m)	1.60 (0.11)^*
BMI (kg/m²)	29.0 (5.8)^*
Low weight	0.7^†
Healthy weight	19.9^†
Overweight	36.2^†
Obese	43.3^†
WC (cm)	90.1 ± 13.4^‡
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	177 ± 36^‡
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	109 ± 34^‡
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	47 ± 10^‡
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	95 (60)^*
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	90 (19)^*

Variables	n = 141
PI	9.80 (11.45)^*
Total energy (kcal)	2312 ± 487^†
Carbohydrates (% of total energy)	56.5 ± 3.7^†
Proteins (% of total energy)	14.7 ± 3.8^†
Lipids (% of total energy)	28.8 ± 2.4^†
Fruits (g)	106.3 ± 82.4^†
Natural fruit juices (ml)	36.1 ± 87.9^†
Vegetables (g)	28.4 ± 23.2^†
Natural vegetable juices (ml)	0 ± 0^†
Legumes (g)	16.5 ± 22.3^†
Whole grains (g)	10.0 ± 13.3^†
Seeds (g)	5.3 ± 7.3^†
Nuts (g)	1.1 ± 2.4^†
Soy products (g)	4.8 ± 8.2^†

Variables	PI (n = 141)
Variables	rs^*	p-value
BMI	-0.43	< 0.001
WC	-0.36	< 0.001
Total cholesterol	-0.07	0.43
LDL-cholesterol	-0.09	0.30
HDL-cholesterol	0.25	0.003
Triglycerides	-0.15	0.07
Fasting blood glucose	-0.16	0.06

Dependent variables	Model	Independent variables	B (SE)	95% CI	β	p-value
BMI (kg/m²)	1	Constant	7.49 (2.06)	3.42 – 11.57	NA	< 0.001
		PI	-0.08 (0.03)	-0.15 – -0.01	-0.14	0.02
		Total energy (kcal)	0.008 (0.001)	0.007 – 0.01	0.77	< 0.001
		Sex^*	-7.00 (1.05)	-9.07 – -4.93	-0.40	< 0.001
		Age (years)	0.11 (0.02)	0.06 – 0.15	0.24	< 0.001
		Physical activity^†	0.41 (0.59)	-0.75 – 1.57	0.04	0.49
WC (cm)	1	Constant	25.10 (4.36)	16.47 – 33.73	NA	< 0.001
		PI	-0.03 (0.07)	-0.17 – 0.12	-0.02	0.73
		BMI (kg/m²)	1.94 (0.13)	1.69 – 2.19	0.76	< 0.001
		Sex^*	11.18 (2.05)	7.14 – 15.23	0.25	< 0.001
		Age (years)	0.22 (0.05)	0.12 – 0.33	0.20	< 0.001
		Physical activity^†	-1.73 (1.27)	-4.24 – 0.77	-0.06	0.17
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	1	Constant	54.57 (6.08)	42.55 – 66.58	NA	< 0.001
		PI	0.21 (0.10)	0.02 – 0.41	0.19	0.03
		Total energy (kcal)	-0.004 (0.002)	-0.008 – -0.0002	-0.20	0.04
		Sex^*	-1.64 (3.09)	-7.74 – 4.47	-0.05	0.60
		Age (years)	-0.03 (0.07)	-0.17 – 0.11	-0.03	0.70
		Physical activity^†	2.55 (1.73)	-0.87 – 5.98	0.12	0.14
	2	Constant	53.71 (5.99)	41.87 – 65.55	NA	< 0.001
		PI	0.21 (0.10)	0.008 – 0.40	0.18	0.04
		BMI (kg/m²)	-0.35 (0.18)	-0.692 – 0.002	-0.18	0.05
		Sex^*	-4.94 (2.81)	-10.49 – 0.61	-0.14	0.08
		Age (years)	0.01 (0.07)	-0.13 – 0.16	0.02	0.84
		Physical activity^†	2.63 (1.74)	-0.80 – 6.07	0.12	0.13
	3	Constant	57.55 (6.60)	44.50 – 70.61	NA	< 0.001
		PI	0.20 (0.10)	0.01 – 0.40	0.18	0.04
		WC (cm)	-0.17 (0.07)	-0.31 – -0.03	-0.22	0.02
		Sex^*	-3.01 (2.84)	-8.62 – 2.60	-0.09	0.29
		Age (years)	0.05 (0.07)	-0.10 – 0.20	0.06	0.49
		Physical activity^†	2.33 (1.72)	-1.08 – 5.73	0.11	0.18

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