JOHNSTON, et al.1616 Johnston CS, Sears B, Perry M, Knurick JR. Use of Novel High-Protein Functional Food Products as Part of a Calorie-Restricted Diet to Reduce Insulin Resistance and Increase Lean Body Mass in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1182. doi: 10.3390/nu9111182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111182...
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United States of America, 2017 |
Randomized clinical trial |
Controls=11 (1M + 10F) Treated=10 (5M + 5F) |
Healthy adults Age: 20-75 years BMI = 20-42kg/m2
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– Screening for history of food allergies or diet restrictions (including gluten intolerance), insulin use, cigarette use, previous dietary changes or physical activity levels, recent weight gain or loss, and current or recent pregnancy or lactation. Eligibility criteria were not defined. |
Energy-restricted (500 kcal) + 125g protein + cereals rich in wheat gluten Time of intervention: 6 weeks |
Energy-restricted (500 kcal) + 125g protein + foods prepared using gluten-free commercial pasta N=11 |
Food intake (macronutrients and fibers) Weight loss Body composition Total cholesterol HDL-cholesterol LDL-cholesterol Triglycerides C-reactive protein Glycemia Insulinemia HOMA –IR Glucagon-like peptide-1 Peptide YY Malondialdehyde |
– Food consumption and mean weight loss did not differ between the groups; – Greater fat-free mass was observed in the intervention group - Insulin sensibility improved in the intervention group (<insulinemia) – LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol; and the triglycerides/HDL ratio significantly improved over the study period, with no differences between the groups though – PYY decreased in all participants – GLP-1 decreased in the intervention group – No changes in antioxidant or anti-inflammatory parameters were seen |
STEFOSKA-NEEDHAM, et al.1515 Stefoska-Needham A, Beck EJ, Johnson SK, Batterham MJ, Grant R, Ashton J, et al. A Diet Enriched with Red Sorghum Flaked Biscuits, Compared to a Diet Containing White Wheat Flaked Biscuits, Does Not Enhance the Effectiveness of an Energy-Restricted Meal Plan in Overweight and Mildly Obese Adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017;36(3):184-92. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1237314. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2016.12...
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Australia, 2017 |
Randomized clinical trial |
60 patients (46F and 14M) Controls = 30 Treated = 26 (4 withdrawals) |
Eligible subjects aged between 18 and 65 years, BMI varying from 25 to 35kg/m22 Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes; Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos da Obesidade. I Brazilian guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84 Suppl 1:1-28. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2005000700001. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X200500...
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Eligible patients: – Individuals with chronic diseases, including diabetes and food allergies – Use of medications known to affect appetite – Restrictive eaters (identified using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick). |
Low-calorie diet (20% below energy requirements) + 45 g sorghum flaked biscuits) Time of intervention: 12 weeks |
Low-calorie diet (20% below energy requirements) + 45 g white wheat flaked biscuits) |
Anthropometry: body weight (primary outcome), fat percentage, waist circumference; Food intake /food record (energy and macronutrients); Secondary outcomes: plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol), triglycerides, interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and total antioxidant capacity (at 0 and 12 weeks). |
– No differences were found in weight loss or any clinical variable between intervention and control groups over time. – Waist circumference and percentage of body fat significantly decreased compared with baseline measures. Regression analysis revealed that weight loss significantly predicted changes in waist circumference and body fat. – Physical activity score was not different between the groups at any time point indicating that physical activity levels had no effect on results |
EHTESHAMI, et al.1010 Ehteshami M, Shakerhosseini R, Sedaghat F, Hedayati M, Eini-Zinab H, Hekmatdoost A. The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(10):2979-84. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.10.2979. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.1...
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Iran, 2018 |
Randomized clinical trial |
45 individuals with metabolic syndrome (after 5 withdrawals) Controls = 22(6M+16F) Treated = 23 (6M+17F) |
Age range: 25 - 70 years and body mass index between 25 and 35kg/m2
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Eligible: – Individuals with at least three components of metabolic syndrome. – Not using insulin or other antidiabetic drugs, fat burning and weight loss drugs, multivitamin/mineral, omega-3, green tea supplements in the past month; – Not using oral contraceptives; – Not being on a weight loss diet in the past month; – Not using antibiotics, corticosteroids, immune-suppressants; – Non-smoking, non-pregnant, non-lactating, non-athletic indviduals |
Gluten-free diet (<2grams of gluten per day) Time of intervention: 8 weeks |
Maintenance of a regular diet |
Body weight, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR and blood pressure |
No differences were seen in weight loss, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure between the groups. Mean waist circumference and plasma triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with controls. Removal of gluten from the diet also improved glycemic control |
SILVA et al.1717 Silva RB, Rodrigues É, Coelho BS, Andrade K, Fonseca L, Fernandes-Braga W, et al. Inconsistent Effects of Gluten on Obesity: Is There a Role for the Haptoglobin Isoforms? Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:269-276. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09...
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Brazil, 2020 |
Single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study |
40 healthy postmenopausal women |
Overweight or obese women aged from 18 to 50 years(BMI 25.0 – 35.4 kg / m2) |
Not eligible: – Women with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. – Women with chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension and chronic renal disease |
20 women followed a gluten-free diet and consumed a gluten-free muffin, and 20 women followed a gluten-free diet and consumed a gluten-containing muffin Time of intervention: 4 weeks in each group and 4 weeks of follow-up thereafter (total of 12 weeks) |
Participants adopted a gluten-free diet for 8 weeks and consumed a gluten-free muffin or a gluten-containing muffin for 4 weeks, switching muffin type during the subsequent 4 weeks There was no control group consuming a regular diet |
Body weight, waist circumference, body composition (fat-free mass and fat mass), resting energy expenditure, inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL- 1 e IL-6) |
No differences were observed in body weight, body fat, changes in fat-free mass or resting energy expenditure between the intervention groups. Changes in inflammatory cytokines were not significant after intervention |