Jo et al., 202016
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Hypertensive individuals of both sexes with metabolic syndrome (n=34)
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Moderate and continuous training group (MICT): n=17 (6 men; 11 women)
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High-intensity interval training group (HIIT): n=17 (12 men; 5 women)
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Age: MICT: 51.8 ± 8.5 years
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HIIT: 49.9 ± 7.3 years
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• Duration: 8 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity:
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- MICT: 5 min warm-up at 40% of the reserve heart rate (RHR) followed by 35 min of continuous jogging at 60% of the RHR.
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- HIIT: 5 min warm-up at 40% of the reserve heart rate (RHR) and 5 min warm- up at 60% of continuous jogging at 60% of the RHR, followed by five 3 min breaks at 80% of the RHR with a 3 min active recovery at 40% of the RHR between each break.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels for HIITG only. Significant reduction in SBP and DBP for both groups. |
HIIT had greater effect than MICT in reducing resting HR, in dilatation mediated by flow, and in the epicardial fat thickness. |
Wong et al., 202017
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CG: 12 weeks without exercise EG: Mat Pilates *
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• Duration: 12 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: increasing degree of difficulty and complexity of the exercise and increasing number of repetitions starting from 6 in the first week to 10 repetitions in the last week.
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• 60 min per session (10 min of warm-up, 40 min of general conditioning with Mat Pilates exercises * and 10 min of stretching and cooling).
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* Exercises with 1 series of 6 to 10 repetitions with emphasis on diaphragmatic breathing with abdominal activation.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels and significant reduction in brachial and aortic pressures (SBP, DBP, MAP and pulse pressure) in the EG. |
Reduction in systemic arterial stiffness and % body fat in EG. |
Fiorenza et al, 201918
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Hypertensive and normotensive adult and elderly men (n=37)
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Normotensive group (NG): n=13
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Hypertensive group (HG): n=24
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Age: NG: 58.4 ± 2.5 years
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HG: 60.8 ± 1.5 years
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Both groups submitted to high-intensity interval training (HIIT):
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• Duration: 6 weeks
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• Frequency: the weekly frequency increased from 2 times (weeks 1 and 2) to 3 times (weeks 3 to 6)
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• Intensity: HIIT with five intervals consecutive of 1 min divided into 30, 20 e 10 seconds at an intensity corresponding to 30%, 50% and 100% of VO2max. respectively.
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• 20-28 min per session (7 min of moderate warm-up and 10-15 min of training with the first and second weeks being 2 sets of 5 min; and from the third week onwards, 3 series of 5 min).
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Significant increase in muscle eNOS levels in both groups after training. GH presented lower values of muscle eNOS both pre- and post-training. Significant reduction in SBP, DBP and MAP in GH. |
Partial reversal of hypertension-related impairments in muscle mitochondrial renewal in GH. |
Izadi et al., 201719
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Hypertensive elderly individuals of both sexes (n=30).
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CG: n=15 (6 women; 9 men)
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EG: n=15 (7 women; 8 men)
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Age: 61.70 (± 5.78) years
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CG: encouraged to keep their daily activities without exercise training for 6 weeks. EG: HIIT in ergometric bike.
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• Duration: 6 weeks.
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: 3 min warm up at 40% of the RHR, 35 min of high-intensity training (10 x 1.5 min intervals in 85-90% of the RHR with 2 min active pauses at 50-55% of the RHR between the intervals) and 5 min of relaxation at 40% of the RHR.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels and significant decrease in SBP/ DBP in EG (HIIT). |
Increased plasma levels of apelin and decreased plasma levels of endotelin-1 in EG. |
Tomeleri et al, 201720
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CG: 12 weeks without exercise EG: supervised resistance training.
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• Duration: 12 weeks
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• Frequency: 2 times/week
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• Intensity: loads were established according to 1RM; 1 series of 10-15 repetitions and 8 types of exercises.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels with negative correlation between NO and SBP and significant reduction in SBP, DBP and MAP the in GE. |
Increased strength and skeletal muscle mass and decreased% body fat in EG. |
Cruz et al, 201721
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Individuals of both sexes with resistant hypertension for more than 5 years (n=44)
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CG: n=16 (7 women; 9 men)
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EG: n=28 (14women; 14 men)
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Age: CG: 54.4 ± 1.2 years
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EG: 52.4 ± 1.5 years
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CG: 12 weeks without exercise
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EG: Heated pool training
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• Duration: 12 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: Borg scale between 11 and 13.
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• 5 min warm-up, 20 min of resistance exercise, 30 min of walking and 5 min of cooling/stretching.
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Significant increase in plasma NO levels and significant reduction in clinical and 24-hour SBP and DBP in EG. |
Decreased levels of norepinephrine, adrenaline, endothelin-1 and plasma renin activity in EG. |
Wong et al, 201622
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Overweight or obese women in the postmenopausal period, some with stage I hypertension (n=41).
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Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) + Placebo: n=14
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L-citrulline supplementation: n=14
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WBVT + L-citrulline: n=13
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Age: 58 ± 4 years
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WBVT + Placebo: whole-body vibration training + 8 capsules of maltodextrin.
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• Duration: 8 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: the volume was increased progressively:
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↑Vibration intensity: frequency between 25-40 Hz and 1-2 mm amplitude.
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↑Exercise set duration: 30-60s
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↑Series number: 1-5
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↑Training session duration: 11-60 min
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↓Rest period duration: 30-60s between the sets.
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Static and dynamic exercise for legs in 60 min’ sessions.
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L-citrulline: 6 g/day and L-citrulline ingested as 750 mg capsules.
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WBVT + L-citrulline: combined the two interventions.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels in the three groups. There was no difference between the interventions. Significant reduction in brachial and aortic pressures (SBP, DBP, ABP and pulse pressure). |
Reduced augmentation index in BP pulse in groups submitted to WBVT. |
Patil et al, 201523
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Elderly males with hypertension (n=60)
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Brisk walking group (BWG): n=30
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Yoga Group: n=30
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Age: BWG: 69.30 ± 5.93 years
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Yoga Group: 68.50 ± 4.85 years
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BW: brisk walking
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• Duration: 12 weeks
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• Frequency: 6 times/week
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• Intensity: ------
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• 60 min session (20 min of stretching, 35 min of brisk-walking and 5 min rest). Yoga Group: Yoga training
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• Duration:12 weeks
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• Frequency: 6 times/week
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• Intensity: ------
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• 60 min session (15-20 min posture maintaining exercises and 40-45 min of relaxation/ meditation breathing exercises).
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Significant increase in serum NOx levels and significant reduction in SBP and MBP after training with yoga. No change in plasma NOx and BP after brisk walking. |
Improved arterial function and cardiac autonomic modulation in the yoga group. |
Pan et al, 201524
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Individuals of both sexes with stage I and II hypertension and normotensive (n=56)
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Normotensive control group (NG): n=16 (10 men and 6 women).
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Hypertensive control group (HG): n=10 (4 men and 6 women).
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Tai Chi exercise group (TCEG): n=14 (4 men and 10 women).
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Age: NG: 55.5 ± 3.54 years
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HG: 56.88 ± 3.95 years
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HTCG: 56.37 ± 3.95 years
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NG: 12 weeks without physical exercise. HG: 12 weeks without physical exercise. TCEG: Tai Chi training
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• Duration: 12 weeks
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• Frequency: 6 times/week
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• Intensity: 60% of the maximum heart rate and/or a perceived effort rate equal 10. 60 min session with body relaxation, maintenance of posture, continuous anzd agile movements, soft and regular breathing.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels in the TCEG group compared to the HG. HG and TCEG showed lower plasma NOx values both before and after training compared to the NG. Significant reduction in SBP and MAP that correlated with changes in NO levels in the TCEG. |
Increased levels of gaseous signaling molecules, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfate, associated with improved vascular function. Reduced anxiety and improved lipid profile in the TCEG. |
Feairheller et al, 201425
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African American, pre-hypertensive, hypertensive and normotensive individuals of both sexes (n=26; 21 women, 5 men)
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Normotensive: n=10
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Pre-hypertensive patients: n=9
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Hypertensive: n=7
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Age: 53.4 ± 6.2 years
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All groups were submitted to aerobic training:
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• Duration: 6 months
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: starting with 20 min sessions at 50% VO2max until reaching 40 min at 65% VO2max.
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• Sessions of 20 to 40 min.
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Significant increase in plasma NOx levels. No changes in SBP, DBP and MBP. |
Reduction of fasting triglyceride and blood glucose levels and improvement in vascular function and structure in all groups. |
Turky et al, 201326
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CG: 8 weeks without physical exercise. EG: Aerobic training.
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• Duration: 8 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week.
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• Intensity: 60-75% maximum HR
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• 5 to 10 min warm up, 20 min of aerobic training, and 5 min of relaxation.
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Significant increase in serum NO levels and significant decrease in SBP and DBP in EG. |
Significant decrease in BMI values in the EG. |
Nyberg et al, 201227
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Individuals of both sexes with essential hypertension (HG) and normotensive controls (NG) (n=21)
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NG: n=11 (6 men; 5 women)
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HG: n=10 (4 men; 6 women)
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Age: NG: 46 ± 1 years
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HG: 47 ± 1 years
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Both groups underwent aerobic training in ergometric bike:
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• Duration: 8 weeks
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• Frequency: 2 to 3 times/ week; one additional independent training day (jogging or cycling)
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• Intensity: high intensity
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There was no change in plasma NOx in both groups, but there was a significant reduction in SBP, DBP and MAP in HG. HG showed lower plasma NOx values before training, however, during the 20 watts exercise session there was a 30% increase in plasma NOx. |
Vascular conductance and blood flow in the leg were lower during exercise in the HG, as well as before and after the training period. |
Hansen et al, 201128
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Individuals of both sexes with essential hypertension and normotensive controls (n=20)
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NG: n = 10 (5 men; 5 women)
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HG: n = 10 (6 men; 4 women)
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Age: NG: 42.8 ± 2 years
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HG: 45 ± 2 years
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Both groups were submitted to aerobic training + resistance training:
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• Duration: 16 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times a week
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• Intensity: moderate - 60% VO2max 10 min cycle ergometer warm up (30% to 40% VO2max); 50 min of aerobic exercise (60% VO2max), combined with upper and lower limb strength training (8-10 repetition maximum).
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The level of muscle eNOS was not altered by training and was significantly lower in HG compared to NG. There was a significant reduction in MBP in HG. |
Decreased thromboxane A2 concentrations and increased prostacyclin and cystathionine gamma lyase enzyme after training. |
Zaros et al, 200929
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|
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Aerobic training in cycle ergometer
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• Duration: 24 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week
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• Intensity: 50% of the RHR
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• 60 min sessions (starting with 20 min and increasing 10 min day until 60 min).
|
Significant increase in plasma NOx levels and significant decrease in SBP, DBP, HR. |
Reduction of resting HR and total cholesterol. |
Sturgeon et al, 200930
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Individuals of both sexes, pre-hypertensive and stage I hypertensive (n=23). Women were postmenopausal for more than 2 years.
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Two groups before training:
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Dippers: n=11 (5 men; 6 women)
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Non-dippers: n=12 (6 men; 6 women)
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Three groups after training:
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Not changed: n=14
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Switched from dippers to non-dippers: n=5
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Switched from non-dippers to dippers: n=4
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Note: non-dippers – absence of a decrease or attenuated decrease in night BP
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Age: Dippers: 58.3 ± 1.2 years
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Non-dippers: 58.8 ± 2.1 years
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Both groups underwent aerobic exercise training (AEXT)
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• Duration: 24 weeks
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• Frequency: 3 times/week – after 10 weeks a 4th session of unsupervised exercises was incorporated to the program.
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• Intensity: 50% - 70% VO2max
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• Up to 40 min sessions, starting with 20 min and progressing through the program.
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There was no difference in urinary and plasma NOx between the three groups formed after training. AEXT does not seem to promote changes in the oxidative profile of the groups studied. The group that changed from non-dipper to dipper with AEXT showed a significant decrease in MBP, SBP and DBP, while the group that changed from dipper to non-dipper significantly increased BP values. |
The group that changed from non-dipper to dipper with AEXT showed a decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol values. |
De Meirelles et al, 200931
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|
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CG: 3 months without physical exercise.
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EG: aerobic training on treadmill
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• Duration: 12 weeks
-
• Frequency: 3 times/week
-
• Intensity: 75-85% of the maximum HR (it was gradually increased after 3 week).
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60 min per session (5-10 min warm up/stretching, 40 min walking or running and 5-10 min cool down).
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Significant increase in NOS activity and l-arginine transport in platelets and levels of intra-platelet cGMP and significant reduction in SBP and DBP in EG. |
Decreased double product, resting HR, % body fat, platelet aggregation and plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein and improved lipid profile in EG. |