The taxonomic status of Phlebotomus oliverioi (Diptera, Psychodidae) and a lectotype designation for Psathyromyia brasiliensis

Status taxonômico de Phlebotomus oliverioi (Diptera, Psychodidae) e designação de lectótipo para Psathyromyia brasiliensis

The taxonomic status of Phlebotomus oliverioi (Diptera, Psychodidae) and a lectotype designation for Psathyromyia brasiliensis

Status taxonômico de Phlebotomus oliverioi (Diptera, Psychodidae) e designação de lectótipo para Psathyromyia brasiliensis

Andrey J. de Andrade^I,III; Paloma H. F. Shimabukuro^I; Eunice A. B. Galati^I

^IDepartamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil ([e-mail])

^IICentro de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Flebotomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil ([e-mail])

^IIILaboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil ([e-mail])

ABSTRACT

Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941 was originally described based only on the male holotype and has since been considered junior-synonym of Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932). The study of the holotype of Ph. oliverioi allowed us to conclude that the head of this specimen belongs to the genus Psychodopygus and the wings, thorax and abdomen belong to a different species of Psathyromyia. Thus, Ph. oliverioi is a not valid species, and must be removed from the synonym and excluded from the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Articles 17.2 and 23.8). The specimen was measured, drawn, photographed and the morphological characters are discussed. Lectotype and paralectotypes to Pa. brasiliensis are designated.

Keywords: Phlebotominae, sand flies, Psathyromyia, Psychodopygus, taxonomy.

RESUMO

Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941 foi originalmente descrita baseada em um único macho e desde então tem sido considerada sinônimo-júnior de Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932). O estudo do holótipo de Ph. oliverioi nos levou a concluir que a cabeça deste espécime pertence ao gênero Psychodopygus e as asas, tórax e abdômen pertencem a Psathyromyia. Psathyromyia oliverioi não é uma espécie válida e deve ser removida da sinonímia e excluída de acordo com o recomendado pelo Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (Artigos 17.2 e 23.8). O espécime foi medido, desenhado e fotografado e os caracteres morfológicos são discutidos. Lectótipo e paralectótipos são designados para Pa. brasiliensis.

Palavras-chave: Phlebotominae, flebotomíneos, Psathyromyia, Psychodopygus, taxonomia.

Phlebotomine sand flies play an important role in the transmission of Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniases. Approximately 267 species of phlebotomine sand flies have been recorded in Brazil (Andrade et al., 2013), and a revision of Brazilian species of sand flies recently undertaken by one of the authors (AJA) has found that Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941 has since been considered a junior-synonym of Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932) is not a valid species.

Psathyromyia Barretto, 1962, was described as a subgenus of Lutzomyia França, 1924, and it was elevated to genus level by Galati (1995), with three subgenera within the subtribe Psychodopygina: Forattiniella Vargas, 1978, Xyphomyia Artemiev, 1991, and Psathyromyia sensu strictu. In accordance to Barretto (1962), the males of Psathyromyia are characterized by ascoids with posterior spurs, the fifth palpus segment longer than the third, the femur without spines, the genitalia longer than head, the gonocoxite without setae, the gonostyli with four spines and without pre-apical seta, simple paramere, and the lateral lobes (surstyli) simple. Galati (2003) also considered as characters of this genus the posterior legs with the metatarsomere I to be longer than the sum of the tarsomeres II+III+IV+V, the absence of tergal papillae on all abdominal tergites, and the setae on the anterior margin of the katepisternum; 43 species, including one fossil and three unclassified species (incertae sedis), were included in this genus, 26 of which have been recorded in Brazil, and 10 in the state of São Paulo.

Phlebotomus oliverioi was described in 1941 by Barretto & Coutinho based on one male collected in forested areas in the municipality of Osasco (state of São Paulo, Brazil). In the description, Ph. oliverioi is included among species presenting "the fifth palpus shorter than the third palpus". Based on this character, they compared the male of Ph. oliverioi to other phlebotomine sand fly species, which are today included in the genera Psychodopygus and Nyssomyia, according to the more recent classification of Galati (1995, 2003), and also provided a taxonomic discussion based on genitalia characters. In the key to American sand flies, Barretto (1950) did not include or provide any comments on Ph. oliverioi. In his thesis, reported Ph. oliverioi as an aberrant species. Once again, the author did not include Ph. oliverioi in the proposed species key and he termed Ph. oliverioi "insufficiently known" (author’s pers. obs.).

Further taxonomic studies included Ph. oliverioi in the subgenus Nyssomyia (intermedia group) based on the absence of setae on the gonocoxite and the presence of four spines on the gonostyli (Martins et al., 1978; Ready & Fraiha, 1981), while Theodor (1965) considered it as "inquirenda species". Forattini (1973) examined the holotype and concluded that it was conspecific to Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932), but Martins et al. (1978) and Ready & Fraiha (1981) did not accept the synonym proposed by Forattini (1973), and the latter authors claimed that Ph. oliverioi did not have the antennal ascoids with proximal spurs, and that the scutum was darker than the pleura, although they did not examine the holotype and could not have observed these characters. One of us (EABG) studied the holotype and observed that the characters of the head were similar to those of Psychodopygus lloydi (Antunes, 1937) and the characteristics of genitalia similar to those of Pa. brasiliensis, suggesting a probable mistake in mounting the specimen, leading to the misidentification of Ph. oliverioi.

Here we discuss the taxonomic status of Ph. oliverioi, only known from the morphological characters of its male holotype and, as a revision of Pa. brasiliensis was performed, its lectotype and paralectotypes were designated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The male holotype of Ph. oliverioi was measured with a Zeiss^TM eye-piece calibrated according to a standard Zeiss^TM scale, and drawings were made using an Olympus^TM camera lucida. All measurements are given in micrometres (µm). The photomicrographs were captured using a Leica DFC295 digital camera attached to a Leica DM5000 B optical microscope, and were taken using the Leica Application Suite (LAS) software version 4.1.0. Terminology and nomenclature follows Galati (1995, 2003), Cumming & Wood (2009), and genus abbreviations are according to Marcondes (2007).

Material examined: Brasil, Minas Gerais: Lassance municipality (44°34’W, 17°54’S), ♂ "cotype" of Pa. brasiliensis (CEIOC 1384); São Paulo: Cajamar municipality (46°52’W, 23°21’S), 3♂, 17.II.1994, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias of the São Paulo state (Sucen) coll. (no number); Várzea Paulista municipality (44°46’W, 22°30’S), 2♂, 28.III.1994 Sucen coll. (no number) of Ps. lloydi; Natividade da Serra municipality (45°25’W, 23°24’S), 3♂, 21.III.1994, Sucen coll. (no number); São Paulo municipality (Parque Estadual da Cantareira, 46°31’W, 23°22’S), ♂, 30.XII.1996, E. A. B. Galati coll. (no number) of Ps. arthuri (Fonseca, 1936).

The holotype of Pa. oliverioi is deposited in the entomological collection of the Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP). The specimens of Ps. lloydi and Ps. arthuri are deposited in the Coleção Entomológica do Laboratório de Entomologia em FSP/Phlebotominae (LESP/Phlebotominae).

Lectotype and paralectotype designations are provided for the "cotypes" of Pa. brasiliensis deposited in the Costa Lima collection in the Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CEIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

RESULTS

Psathyromyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932)

Flebotomus [sic] brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1932:48. 13 male "cotypes" on four slides numbered: 1383 (3 spp.), 1384 (5 spp.), 1387 (1 spp.), and 1388 (4 spp.). All marked with the number 1 (one). Type-locality: Lassance municipality, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Sergentomyia brasiliensis Barretto, 1955:181 (taxonomy).

Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia) brasiliensis Fairchild, 1955:195 (shannoni group, taxonomy).

Phlebotomus brasiliensis Mangabeira & Sherlock, 1962: 312 (female and immature stages).

Lutzomyia (Psathyromyia) brasiliensis Barretto, 1962:99 (taxonomy; volcanensis group?); Young & Duncan, 1994:382 (aragaoi group; taxonomy and keys).

Lutzomyia brasiliensis Theodor, 1965:186 (aragaoi group: brasiliensis series, taxonomy).

Psychodopygus (Trichophoromyia) brasiliensis Forattini, 1971:105 (taxonomy); 1973:451,461,462,484,489 (male, female and immature stages; keys).

Psathyromyia (Forattiniella) brasiliensis Galati, 2003:42,111,112 (taxonomy and key).

The cotypes of Pa. brasiliensis are deposited in the CEIOC (Costa Lima collection), and slides are numbered as follows: 1383 (3 males), 1384 (5 males), 1387 (1 male), and 1389 (4 males), totalling 13 specimens. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999): "The valid designation of a lectotype permanently deprives all other specimens that were formerly syntypes of that nominal taxon of the status of syntype [Art. 73.2.2]; those specimens then become paralectotypes" [Art. 74]. A syntype has the same taxonomic value that of cotypes [Art. 72.4.6]. Here we provide a designation of one lectotype and 12 paralectotypes of Pa. brasiliensis. Comparison between drawings and photos from the original description of Pa. brasiliensis and with each specimen are provided to define the new taxonomic designation.

Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941

(Figs 1 – ¹⁶)

Phlebotomus oliverioi Barretto & Coutinho, 1941:233. Male holotype. Type-locality: Osasco, state of São Paulo, Brazil; Forattini, 1971:105 [as junior-synonym of Psychodopygus (Trichophoromyia) brasiliensis]; 1973:461 [as junior-synonym of Psychodopygus (Trichophoromyia) brasiliensis]; Young & Duncan, 1994:382 [as junior-synonym of Lutzomyia (Psathyromyia) brasiliensis (aragaoi group)]; Galati, 2003:42 [as junior-synonym of Psathyromyia (Forattiniella) brasiliensis].

Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia) oliverioi Fairchild, 1955:195 (shannoni group, taxonomy)

Sergentomyia oliverioi Barretto, 1955:185 (taxonomy).

Lutzomyia oliverioi (intermedia group) Theodor, 1965:184.

Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) oliverioi Martins et al., 1978:101.

Male holotype. Head (Fig. 1) 400 long, 400 wide; clypeus 90 long; ratio clypeus length/head length 0.2:1.0; eyes 270 long, 150 wide; interocular distance (ID) 90. Labrum-epipharynx (LE) 270. Maxilary lacinia with one row of external shallow teeth. Palpi (Fig. 1), palpus length: I 52, II 130, III 161, IV 55, V 107. Palpal formula: 1.4.5.2.3; presence of six hyaline sensilla (Newstead’s spines) in the middle of the third palpus and absent in the second palpus (Figs 2, 3). Labial fork present. Antenna (Fig. 1): length of flagellomeres: FI 350; FII 130; FIII 122; FXIII 62; FXIV 62. Presence of two or three papillae on the FI and one apical papilla on the FII (Figs 4, 5). Papillae on FIII–FIX (Figs. 6, 7) absent and present on flagellomeres FX–FXIV (Figs 8-11). Ascoids short not reaching the apex of the flagellomere, without posterior spurs (Fig. 4). Ratio AIII/LE 1.0:1.3. Pharynx unarmed. Cibarium with small chamber and rudimentary teeth present; pigmented patch, posterior bulge and cibarial arch absent (Fig. 12).

Thorax: 600 long, mesonotum 530 long. Paratergite, pleura, and katepisternum pale; mesonotum, katepimeron and coxae slightly brown. Ventro-cervical sensilla and setae on the anterior region of the katespiternum absent. Presence of 11–12 upper anepisternal setae and 0–1 pro-epimeral setae. Wing (Fig. 13): 2,360 long, 670 wide; veins R5 1, 250 long; alpha 670; beta 170; gamma 180; delta 350; pi 80. Coxae: anterior 370, medium 370, posterior 390. Femur: anterior 970, medium 860, posterior 1,000. Tibia: anterior 1,480, medium 1,370, posterior 1,800. Tarsomere I: anterior 850, medium 890, posterior 1,030. Tarsomeres II-V: anterior 780, medium 790, posterior 800.

Abdomen: 2,120 long; tergal papillae absent on all tergites. Terminalia (Fig. 14): gonocoxite 400 long, 88 wide; setae in the basal and median region absent. Gonostylus 400 long, with four spines: one apical; two external – the upper and the lower – and the inner spine; the inner spine located in the middle of the gonostylus, the external lower spine between the inner and the external upper spines (Fig. 14). Pre-apical seta absent. Paramere (Fig. 14): dorsal margin 182 long and ventral 286 long. Paramere simple without curved setae, ca. 15 dorsal simple setae inserted in the apical half of the paramere; apical region digitiform. Aedeagus with basiphallus long, dorsal margin 122, ventral margin 182; ejaculatory apodeme (piston + sperm sac) 166 long; piston 132 long; ejaculatory ducts 972 long (Fig. 15). Tips of the ejaculatory ducts are not broken (^{Fig. 16}). Lateral lobe (surstyle): 468 long, 26 wide, without pre-apical constriction (Fig. 14).

The male holotype of Ph. oliverioi was originally mounted in Canada balsam, and the specimen body parts were separated and covered by three coverslips: (1) one head, (2) one wing and (3), one wing, thorax and abdomen.

DISCUSSION

The holotype of Ph. oliverioi presents the head with both maxillary palpi and antenna complete, and is mounted ventrally in Canada balsam between slide and cover slip. The fifth palpus is much shorter than the third, with the sum of the fourth and fifth palpi being equal to the length of the third palpus (both palpi were measured); the ascoids do not present proximal spur, and there are two or three papillae on the first flagellomere. These characteristics are compatible with the genus Psychodopygus in accordance to Galati (2003). On the other hand, in the subgenus Psathyromyia as proposed by Barretto (1962), the fifth palpus is longer than the third and the ascoids present proximal spur. Ready & Fraiha (1981) mentioned that the antennal ascoids lack proximal spurs and the scutum is darker than the pleura. The presence of proximal spurs on the ascoids was not mentioned in the original description, and examination of the holotype revealed that the proximal spurs of the ascoids are absent on all flagellomeres. Also, the scutum is not dark, but slightly brown. Barretto & Coutinho (1941) present the measurements of the fifth and fourth palpus segment as being longer than the third in Ph. oliverioi, but this is incorrect, as we showed by measuring the holotype. Probably, the head belongs either to the species Ps. lloydi or Ps. arthuri recorded in Osasco municipality (Martins et al., 1978; Galati, 1981; Andrade Filho et al., 1997), but the characters are not enough to distinguish between them.

Both wings were well-preserved and well-mounted on the slide. The analysis of wing venation showed that delta is longer than gamma (ratio delta/gamma = 2.0:1.0) and that delta reaches the middle of alpha. These measurements are consistent with the wing measurements in the description of Pa. brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932).

The thorax, with one wing, and the abdomen with one leg, were not separated, and thus they belong to the same individual. Examination of the terminalia revealed that the specimen belongs to Psathromyia sp. We also observed the absence of abdominal papillae in the tergites I–VII. In Pa. brasiliensis, the ejaculatory duct is long, approximately 10x the length of the ejaculatory apodeme (Young & Duncan, 1994; Galati, 2003), and in Ph. oliverioi it is 6x shorter than the ejaculatory apodeme, considering the length of 972 µm, which is also found in the Amazonian sister species Pa. abunaensis (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965), known to occur in Brazil, in the states of Rondônia (Galati, 2003) and Amazonas (Alves et al., 2012). Phlebotomus oliverioi presents the basiphallus (aedeagus sensu Galati) reaching beyond the middle of the paramere, and in Pa. abunaensis the basiphallus does not reach the middle of the structure. Others characters are very similar between the males of Pa. brasiliensis and Pa. abunaensis, but the latter is not recorded in the southeast region of Brazil.

Young & Duncan (1994) suggested that Ph. oliverioi belongs to the aragaoi group, based solely on the original description and drawings of the species. These characters include the broad wing, paramere with proximal hump and external superior spine of the gonostylus on a well marked tubercle, and fifth palpus segment shorter than the third. In fact, these characters can be observed in the original description, and were probably used by Forattini (1973) to propose the synonym (the wing, thorax and abdomen are similar to the male of Pa. brasiliensis), after examining the holotype. Even though Forattini (1973) did not explicitly mention the observation of the holotype of Ph. oliverioi, he commented on the similarity of Ph. oliverioi and Pa. brasiliensis. However, Martins et al. (1978) and Ready & Fraiha (1981) did not consider Ph. oliverioi as a junior synonymy of Pa. brasiliensis, and included it in the Nyssomyia subgenus, as proposed by Theodor (1965).

After the studying the sand fly species mentioned above, as well as the species description of Ph. oliverioi, we conclude that this species is a not valid, and that is constituted by the head of a species of the genus Psychodopygus sp. and the wing, thorax and abdomen of a Psathyromyia sp. Recently, a similar taxonomic study showed that Phlebotomus breviductus Barretto & Coutinho, 1950 was also not a valid species (Andrade et al., 2013).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank Prof. Dra. Maria Anice Mureb Sallum, curator of the entomological collection of the Departamento de Epidemiologia of the Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP); FAPESP for financial support to the senior author (process number 2010/15802-7); and Dr. Luke Baton for revising and commenting on draft versions of this manuscript.

REFERENCES

Alves, V. R.; Freitas, R. A.; Santos, F. L.; Oliveira, A. F. J.; Barrett, T. V. & Shimabukuro, P. H. F. 2012. Sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Central Amazonia and four new records for the Amazonas state, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56:220-227.

Andrade, A. J.; Shimabukuro, P. H. F. & Galati, E. A. B. 2013. On the taxonomic status of Phlebotomus breviductus Barretto, 1950 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Zootaxa 3734:477-484.

Andrade Filho, J. D.; Brazil, R. P. & Falcão, A. L. 1997. Nota sobre a distribuição geográfica de Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) arthuri (Fonseca) e Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) lloydi (Antunes) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 26:403-405.

Barretto, M. P. 1950. Chaves para os flebótomos brasileiros (Diptera: Psychodidae). Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo 25:101-120.

_____.1955. Sôbre a sistemática da subfamília Phlebotominae Rondani (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 3:173-190.

_____. 1962. Novos subgêneros de Lutzomyia França 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Subfamília Phlebotominae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 4:91-100.

Barretto, M. P. & Coutinho, J. O. 1941. Contribuição para o conhecimento dos flebotótomos de São Paulo VI – Descrição de duas novas espécies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia de São Paulo 1:233-236.

Costa Lima, A. M. C. 1932. Sobre os Phlebotomus americanos (Diptera, Psychodidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 26:15-69.

Cumming, J. M. & Wood, D. M. 2009. Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J. M.; Wood, D. M.; Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. eds. Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, National Research Council Press. v. 1, pp. 9-502.

Fairchild, G. B. 1955. The relationships and classification of the Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of Entomological Society of America 48:182-196.

Forattini, O. P. 1971. Sôbre a classificação da subfamília Phlebotominae nas Américas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia de São Paulo 24:93-111.

_____. 1973. Entomologia Médica. Psychodidae. Phlebotominae. Leishmanioses. Bartonelose. São Paulo, Edgar Blücher. v. 4, 658p.

Galati, E. A. B. 1981. Sobre a identificação de Psychodopygus (Psychodopygus) arthuri (Fonseca, 1936) e P. (P.) lloydi (Antunes, 1957) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 25(4):321-322.

_____. 1995. Phylogenetic Systematic of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. II International Symposium on Phlebotominae sandflies, Mérida. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental 35:133-142.

_____. 2003. Morfologia, terminologia de adultos e identificação dos táxons da América. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. eds. Flebotomíneos do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. p. 53-175.

ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available at http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp. Acessed on 14 february 2013.

Mangabeira, O. & Sherlock, I. A. 1962. Sôbre o Phlebotomus brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1932. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 60:311-319.

Marcondes, C. B. 2007. A proposal of generic and subgeneric abbreviations for phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the world. Entomological News 118:351-356.

Martins, A. V.; Williams, P. & Falcão, A. L. 1978. American sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 195p.

Ready, P. D. & Fraiha, H. 1981. Brazilian phlebotomines. VI. Lutzomyia richardwardi sp. n., a new species of Nyssomyia from Amazonia with keys for this subgenus (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 41:705-712

Theodor, O. 1965.On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology 2:171-197.

Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. 1994.Guide to the Identification and Geographic Distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Gainesville, American Entomological Institute. 419p.

Received 21 March 2014

Accepted 19 December 2014

References

• Alves, V. R.; Freitas, R. A.; Santos, F. L.; Oliveira, A. F. J.; Barrett, T. V. & Shimabukuro, P. H. F. 2012. Sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Central Amazonia and four new records for the Amazonas state, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56:220-227.
• Andrade, A. J.; Shimabukuro, P. H. F. & Galati, E. A. B. 2013. On the taxonomic status of Phlebotomus breviductus Barretto, 1950 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Zootaxa 3734:477-484.
• Andrade Filho, J. D.; Brazil, R. P. & Falcão, A. L. 1997. Nota sobre a distribuição geográfica de Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) arthuri (Fonseca) e Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) lloydi (Antunes) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 26:403-405.
• Barretto, M. P. 1950. Chaves para os flebótomos brasileiros (Diptera: Psychodidae). Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo 25:101-120.
• _____.1955. Sôbre a sistemática da subfamília Phlebotominae Rondani (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 3:173-190.
• _____. 1962. Novos subgêneros de Lutzomyia França 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Subfamília Phlebotominae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 4:91-100.
• Costa Lima, A. M. C. 1932. Sobre os Phlebotomus americanos (Diptera, Psychodidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 26:15-69.
• Cumming, J. M. & Wood, D. M. 2009. Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J. M.; Wood, D. M.; Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. eds. Manual of Central American Diptera Ottawa, National Research Council Press. v. 1, pp. 9-502.
• Fairchild, G. B. 1955. The relationships and classification of the Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of Entomological Society of America 48:182-196.
• Forattini, O. P. 1971. Sôbre a classificação da subfamília Phlebotominae nas Américas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia de São Paulo 24:93-111.
• _____. 1973. Entomologia Médica. Psychodidae. Phlebotominae. Leishmanioses. Bartonelose São Paulo, Edgar Blücher. v. 4, 658p.
• Galati, E. A. B. 1981. Sobre a identificação de Psychodopygus (Psychodopygus) arthuri (Fonseca, 1936) e P (P) lloydi (Antunes, 1957) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 25(4):321-322.
• _____. 1995. Phylogenetic Systematic of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. II International Symposium on Phlebotominae sandflies, Mérida. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental 35:133-142.
• _____. 2003. Morfologia, terminologia de adultos e identificação dos táxons da América. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. eds. Flebotomíneos do Brasil Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. p. 53-175.
• ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available at http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp Acessed on 14 february 2013.
• Mangabeira, O. & Sherlock, I. A. 1962. Sôbre o Phlebotomus brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1932. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 60:311-319.
• Marcondes, C. B. 2007. A proposal of generic and subgeneric abbreviations for phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the world. Entomological News 118:351-356.
• Martins, A. V.; Williams, P. & Falcão, A. L. 1978. American sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 195p.
• Ready, P. D. & Fraiha, H. 1981. Brazilian phlebotomines. VI. Lutzomyia richardwardi sp. n., a new species of Nyssomyia from Amazonia with keys for this subgenus (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 41:705-712
• Theodor, O. 1965.On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology 2:171-197.
• Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. 1994.Guide to the Identification and Geographic Distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Gainesville, American Entomological Institute. 419p.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Feb 2015
• Date of issue
  Dec 2014

History

• Accepted
  19 Dec 2014
• Received
  21 Mar 2014