Distribution, feeding and ecomorphology of four species of Auchenipteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Freitas, Tiago M. S.; Montag, Luciano F. A.; Barthem, Ronaldo B.

doi:10.1590/1678-4766e2017008

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Articles • Iheringia, Sér. Zool. 107 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017008 linkcopy

Distribution, feeding and ecomorphology of four species of Auchenipteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Distribuição, alimentação e ecomorfologia de quarto espécies de Auchenipteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) da Amazônia Oriental, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Fish exhibit morphological, physiological and behavioral specializations which enable them to display different ways to explore the environments and resources. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify how four Auchenipteridae species differ in the distribution, feeding habits and morphological traits: Auchenipterichthys longimanus (Günther, 1864), Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), Tatia intermedia (Steindachner, 1877) and Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766). This study was conducted in rivers and bays of the Anapú Basin, Pará State (Brazil), where these species are abundant. Specimens were collected using gillnets, and after caught the stomachs were removed for the contents analyzes. Eighteen morphometric measurements from ten adult specimens of each species were taken, combined into fifteen ecomorphological attributes. The species distribution showed that A. longimanus was restricted to rivers, while the others were exclusively caught in the bays. All four species had their diet composed of allochthonous insects, but A. longimanus also exhibited a great frugivorous habit. The most important ecomorphological attributes were relative to the consumption of larger food items (for A. longimanus and T. galeatus) and to the longer swimming capacity (for A. longimanus and T. intermedia). These morphological differences and the trophic diversity presented in this study highlighted some important information about how ecomorphological similar species behave and share resources, which may play a significant role on the coexistence of these species in the Anapú Basin.

KEYWORDS Fish; morphology; diet; adaptation

Measurements	Acronyms	Descriptions
Standard Length	SL	Distance from tip of snout to end of caudal peduncle
Body Height	BH	Largest dorso-ventral distance perpendicular to largest body axis
Body Width	BW	Largest body width
Average Body Height	ABH	Distance from vent to line that cuts body from mouth to tail
Caudal Peduncle Length	CPL	Distance from end of anal fin to beginning of caudal fin
Caudal Peduncle Width	CPW	Width of peduncle at its mid-point
Caudal Peduncle Height	CPH	Height of peduncle at its mid-point
Head Length	HL	Distance from tip of snout to end of operculum
Head Height	HH	Distance from ventral part and dorsal part of head in the region of the eyes
Eye Height	EH	Distance from center of eye to lower jaw
Mouth Width	MW	Distance between lateral parts of totally open mouth without distention of muscles
Mouth Height	MH	Distance between lips of open mouth without distention of muscles
Pectoral Fin Length	PFL	Distance between the base of the fin and its extremity
Pectoral Fin Width	PFW	Largest width of fin on axis perpendicular to the axis of the length of the fin when totally open
Caudal Fin Width	CFW	Distance between the two extremities of the fin when totally distended
Body Area	BA	Area of body plus caudal fin
Pectoral Fin Area	PFA	Area of pectoral fin when totally distended
Caudal Fin Area	CFA	Area of caudal fin when totally distended

Food items	A. longimanus	A. nuchalis	T. intermedia	T. galeatus
Algae	<0.01
Annelida (Oligochaeta)	<0.01		<0.01
Araneae	<0.01		<0.01
Chilopoda	<0.01
Crustacea (allochthonous)	<0.01		<0.01	<0.01
Crustacea (autochthonous)	<0.01			11.65
Detritus	<0.01
Diplopoda	<0.01		<0.01	8.18
Insecta (allochthonous)	52.94	99.89	99.79	69.64
Insecta (autochthonous larvae)	<0.01	0.00	<0.01
Mammalia (fur)	<0.01
Nematoda	<0.01
Opiliones	<0.01		<0.01
Osteichthyes	<0.01			<0.01
Osteichthyes (scales)	<0.01			2.85
Plantae (branch/root)	0.91		<0.01	1.06
Plantae (seeds)	45.65			5.87
Platyhelminthes (Tubellaria)	<0.01		<0.01
Scorpiones	<0.01
Squamata (Snake skin)	<0.01
Vertebrate Fragments	<0.01	0.00

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Ecomorphological atributes	A. longimanus		T. intermedia		A. nuchalis		T. galeatus		PCA Axis
Ecomorphological atributes	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	1	2
CI	1.261	0.14	1.3	0.11	2.446	0.38	1.285	0.09	-0.748	-0.462
RH	0.287	0.05	0.207	0.01	0.197	0.01	0.284	0.03	0.788	-0.116
RLCP	0.097	0.02	0.158	0.03	0.12	0.02	0.075	0.01	-0.557	0.479
CICD	3.512	1.26	2.724	0.36	2.549	0.35	3.713	0.47	0.643	-0.147
VFI	0.628	0.07	0.569	0.05	0.619	0.08	0.487	0.11	-0.304	0.192
RAPF	0.047	0.01	0.012	0.01	0.023	0	0.046	0.01	0.712	-0.262
ARPF	5.254	2.1	5.681	1.76	3.232	0.8	2.915	0.83	-0.018	0.811
RACF	0.128	0.03	0.189	0.03	0.12	0.02	0.123	0.02	-0.147	0.707
ARCF	1.721	0.7	1.522	0.39	2.166	0.37	1.525	0.4	-0.321	-0.518
RPE	0.398	0.11	0.517	0.1	0.683	0.09	0.511	0.14	-0.673	-0.332
RHL	0.261	0.03	0.216	0.02	0.203	0.01	0.27	0.03	0.844	-0.216
RMW	0.131	0.01	1.06	0.01	0.059	0.01	0.131	0.01	0.961	0.127
RHM	0.037	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.053	0.01	0.056	0.01	-0.062	-0.823
MAR	0.283	0.05	0.404	0.08	0.899	0.09	0.431	0.07	-0.773	-0.56
RAM	0.018	0.01	0.195	0	0.016	0	0.029	0.01	0.541	-0.635
Eigenvalue									5.61	3.58
% of Variance									37.40	23.83
Broken-stick Eingenvalue									3.32	2.32