Determination of polymer content in energetic materials by FT-IR

Mattos, Elizabeth C.; Diniz, Milton Faria; Nakamura, Nanci M.; Dutra, Rita de Cássia L.

doi:10.5028/jatm.2009.0102167175

Abstract:

A new methodology was developed to characterize and to quantify the polymer content in PBX (HMX/Viton) by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), using the Termogravimetric analysis (TG) as reference techniques for the quantitative method. The quantification methodology, proposed by us, using the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) showed excellent results, being faster than the usual methodologies and can eliminate the generation of chemical residues.

Keywords:
Explosives; HMX; FT-IR; TG; ATR; Viton quantification

Full text is available only in PDF.

REFERENCES

Achuthan, C. P.; Jose, C. L., 1990, "Studies on Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine (HMX) Polymorphism", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.15, pp. 271-275.
Agrawal, J. P., 2004, "Some New High Energy Materials and Their Formulations for Specialized Applications", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.30, Nº. 5, pp. 316.
Bedard, M. et al., 1962, "The Crystalline Form of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazacyclooctane (HMX)", Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 46, pp. 2278 - 2279.
Benziger, T. M., 1973, "High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive". U.S. Patent 3,778,319, 11 Dec., UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.
Calzia, J., 1969, "Les Substances Explosives et Leurs Nuisances", Dunod, Paris, 344 p.
Campbell, M.S., Garcia, D., Idar D., 2000, "Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Glass Transitions of Plastic Bonded Explosives", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 357-358, pp.89-95.
Federoff, B.F., Sheffield, O.E., 1966, "Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Itens", Dover, Picantinny Arsenal, Vol. 8.
Mathieu, J., Stucki, H., 2004, "Military High Explosives", Chimia, Vol. 58, Nº. 6, pp.383-389.
Gedeon, B. J., Ngyuen, R. H., 1985, "Computerization of ASTM D 3677 - Rubber Identification by Infrared Spectrophotometry", Meeting of Rubber Division, AC.S, Cleveland, pp. 1-12.
Hayden, D. J., 2005, "An Analytic Tool to Investigate the Effect of Binder on the Sensitivity of HMX-Based Plastic Bonded Explosives in the Skid Test", Thesis, Master of Science Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, 42p.
Hohmann, C., Tipton Jr, B., 2000, "Viton's Impact on NASA Standard Initiador Propellants Properties", NASA, Houston (Tech. Report, NASA/TP 210187).
Hórak, M., Vitek, A., 1978, "Interpretation and Processing of Vibrational Spectra", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 414 p.
Hummel, D. O., 1966, "Infrared Spectra of Polymers: In Medium and Long Wavelengths Regions", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 207p.
James, E., 1965, "The Development of Plastic-Bonded Explosives", Lawrence Radiation Lab., Univ. of California, Livermore. (Technical Report UCRL-12439).
Kasprzyk, D. J. et al., 1999, "Characterization of a Slurry Process Used to Make a Plastic-Bonded Explosive", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Nº. 24, pp.333-338.
Kim, H.S., Park, B.S., 1999, "Characteristics of the Insensitive Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosive DXD-59", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Nº. 24, pp. 217-220.
Kneisl, P., 2003, "Slurry Coating Method for Agglomeration of Molding Powders Requiring Immiscible Lacquer Solvents", U.S. Patent 6,630,040 B2, 31 Jan. 2002.
Kohno, Y. et al, 1994, " A Relationship Between the Impact Sensivity and the Electronic Structures for the Unique N-N Bond in the HMX Polymorphs", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 96, pp.343-350.
Kwan, K. S., 1998, "The Role of Penetrant Structure in the Transport and Mechanical Properties of a Thermoset Adhesive", Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 285f.
Litch, H. H., 1970, "HMX (Octogen) and Its Polymorphic Forms", Symposium on Chemistry Problems with the Stability of Explosives", Tyringe, pp.168 - 179.
Mattos, E. C. et al., 2004, "Determination of the HMX and RDX Content in Synthesized Energetic Material by HPLC, FT-MIR, and FT-NIR Spectroscopies", Química Nova, Vol. 27, Nº. 4, pp. 540-544.(a)
Mattos, E.C. et al., 2004, "Avaliação do Uso de Técnicas FT-IR para Caracterização de Cobertura Polimérica de Material Energético", Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, Vol. 14, Nº. 2, pp. 63-68. (b)
Mattos, E. C. et al., 2008, "Characterization of Polymer-Coated RDX and HMX Particles", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics., Vol. 33, pp. 44 - 50.
Mattos, E. C. et al., 2009, "Determination of Polymer Content in PBX Composition by FT-IR", Proceedings of 40^th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlshure.
Mattos, E. C. et al., 2002, "Aplicação de Metodologias FTIR de Transmissão e Fotoacústica à Caracterização de Materiais Altamente Energéticos" - Parte II, Química Nova, Vol. 25, pp. 722-728.
Mattos, E. C. et al., 2003, "Caracterização por FTIR de Coberturas Poliméricas de Materiais Energéticos", Anais da Associação Brasileira de Química, Vol. 51, Nº. 4, pp. 132-135.
Nogueira, D. A. R., Rosa, P. T. V., Santana, C. C., 2000, "Adsorção de Proteínas na Superfície de Polímeros: Quantificação com FTIR/ATR", I Brasilian Congress in Phase Equilibrium and Fluid Chemical Process Design, Águas de São Pedro, S.P., Brazil.
PERKINELMER, 2005, "FT-IR Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)", TECHNICAL NOTE, Waltham (Catalogue).
Silva G., Mattos, E.C., Dutra, R.C.L., Diniz, M.F., Iha, K., 2008, "Determinação Quantitativa de TNT e HNS por TG e FT-IR", Química Nova, Vol. 31, Nº. 6, pp. 1431-1436.
Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., Morril, T. C., 1981, "Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds", 5 ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Smith, A. L., 1979, "Applied Infrared Spectroscopy", John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 286.
Tang, C. J. et al., 1999, "A Study the Gas-phase Chemical Strutcture During CO2 Laser Assisted Combustion of HMX", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 117, pp. 170-188.
Thompson, D. G., Olinger, B., DeLuca, R., 2005, "The Effect of Pressing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.30, Nº. 6, pp. 391-396.
United States, 1979, "Departament of the Army. Military explosives", Washington, DC, (TM 9-1300-214 C2).
Urbanski, T., 1984, "Chemistry and Tecnology of Explosives, Pergamon Press, Great Britain, Vol. 4, p. 391.
Urbanski, J. et al, 1977, "Handbook of Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Plastics", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 494 p.
Wanninger, P. et al., 1996, "Pressable Explosives Granular Product and Pressed Explosive Charge", US Patents 5,547,526.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jul-Dec 2009

History

Received
18 Sept 2009
Accepted
10 Oct 2009

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Achuthan, C. P.; Jose, C. L., 1990, "Studies on Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine (HMX) Polymorphism", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.15, pp. 271-275.

[2] Agrawal, J. P., 2004, "Some New High Energy Materials and Their Formulations for Specialized Applications", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.30, Nº. 5, pp. 316.

[3] Bedard, M. et al., 1962, "The Crystalline Form of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazacyclooctane (HMX)", Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 46, pp. 2278 - 2279.

[4] Benziger, T. M., 1973, "High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive". U.S. Patent 3,778,319, 11 Dec., UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.

[5] Calzia, J., 1969, "Les Substances Explosives et Leurs Nuisances", Dunod, Paris, 344 p.

[6] Campbell, M.S., Garcia, D., Idar D., 2000, "Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Glass Transitions of Plastic Bonded Explosives", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 357-358, pp.89-95.

[7] Federoff, B.F., Sheffield, O.E., 1966, "Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Itens", Dover, Picantinny Arsenal, Vol. 8.

[8] Mathieu, J., Stucki, H., 2004, "Military High Explosives", Chimia, Vol. 58, Nº. 6, pp.383-389.

[9] Gedeon, B. J., Ngyuen, R. H., 1985, "Computerization of ASTM D 3677 - Rubber Identification by Infrared Spectrophotometry", Meeting of Rubber Division, AC.S, Cleveland, pp. 1-12.

[10] Hayden, D. J., 2005, "An Analytic Tool to Investigate the Effect of Binder on the Sensitivity of HMX-Based Plastic Bonded Explosives in the Skid Test", Thesis, Master of Science Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, 42p.

[11] Hohmann, C., Tipton Jr, B., 2000, "Viton's Impact on NASA Standard Initiador Propellants Properties", NASA, Houston (Tech. Report, NASA/TP 210187).

[12] Hórak, M., Vitek, A., 1978, "Interpretation and Processing of Vibrational Spectra", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 414 p.

[13] Hummel, D. O., 1966, "Infrared Spectra of Polymers: In Medium and Long Wavelengths Regions", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 207p.

[14] James, E., 1965, "The Development of Plastic-Bonded Explosives", Lawrence Radiation Lab., Univ. of California, Livermore. (Technical Report UCRL-12439).

[15] Kasprzyk, D. J. et al., 1999, "Characterization of a Slurry Process Used to Make a Plastic-Bonded Explosive", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Nº. 24, pp.333-338.

[16] Kim, H.S., Park, B.S., 1999, "Characteristics of the Insensitive Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosive DXD-59", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Nº. 24, pp. 217-220.

[17] Kneisl, P., 2003, "Slurry Coating Method for Agglomeration of Molding Powders Requiring Immiscible Lacquer Solvents", U.S. Patent 6,630,040 B2, 31 Jan. 2002.

[18] Kohno, Y. et al, 1994, " A Relationship Between the Impact Sensivity and the Electronic Structures for the Unique N-N Bond in the HMX Polymorphs", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 96, pp.343-350.

[19] Kwan, K. S., 1998, "The Role of Penetrant Structure in the Transport and Mechanical Properties of a Thermoset Adhesive", Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 285f.

[20] Litch, H. H., 1970, "HMX (Octogen) and Its Polymorphic Forms", Symposium on Chemistry Problems with the Stability of Explosives", Tyringe, pp.168 - 179.

[21] Mattos, E. C. et al., 2004, "Determination of the HMX and RDX Content in Synthesized Energetic Material by HPLC, FT-MIR, and FT-NIR Spectroscopies", Química Nova, Vol. 27, Nº. 4, pp. 540-544.(a)

[22] Mattos, E.C. et al., 2004, "Avaliação do Uso de Técnicas FT-IR para Caracterização de Cobertura Polimérica de Material Energético", Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, Vol. 14, Nº. 2, pp. 63-68. (b)

[23] Mattos, E. C. et al., 2008, "Characterization of Polymer-Coated RDX and HMX Particles", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics., Vol. 33, pp. 44 - 50.

[24] Mattos, E. C. et al., 2009, "Determination of Polymer Content in PBX Composition by FT-IR", Proceedings of 40^th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlshure.

[25] Mattos, E. C. et al., 2002, "Aplicação de Metodologias FTIR de Transmissão e Fotoacústica à Caracterização de Materiais Altamente Energéticos" - Parte II, Química Nova, Vol. 25, pp. 722-728.

[26] Mattos, E. C. et al., 2003, "Caracterização por FTIR de Coberturas Poliméricas de Materiais Energéticos", Anais da Associação Brasileira de Química, Vol. 51, Nº. 4, pp. 132-135.

[27] Nogueira, D. A. R., Rosa, P. T. V., Santana, C. C., 2000, "Adsorção de Proteínas na Superfície de Polímeros: Quantificação com FTIR/ATR", I Brasilian Congress in Phase Equilibrium and Fluid Chemical Process Design, Águas de São Pedro, S.P., Brazil.

[28] PERKINELMER, 2005, "FT-IR Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)", TECHNICAL NOTE, Waltham (Catalogue).

[29] Silva G., Mattos, E.C., Dutra, R.C.L., Diniz, M.F., Iha, K., 2008, "Determinação Quantitativa de TNT e HNS por TG e FT-IR", Química Nova, Vol. 31, Nº. 6, pp. 1431-1436.

[30] Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., Morril, T. C., 1981, "Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds", 5 ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[31] Smith, A. L., 1979, "Applied Infrared Spectroscopy", John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 286.

[32] Tang, C. J. et al., 1999, "A Study the Gas-phase Chemical Strutcture During CO2 Laser Assisted Combustion of HMX", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 117, pp. 170-188.

[33] Thompson, D. G., Olinger, B., DeLuca, R., 2005, "The Effect of Pressing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.30, Nº. 6, pp. 391-396.

[34] United States, 1979, "Departament of the Army. Military explosives", Washington, DC, (TM 9-1300-214 C2).

[35] Urbanski, T., 1984, "Chemistry and Tecnology of Explosives, Pergamon Press, Great Britain, Vol. 4, p. 391.

[36] Urbanski, J. et al, 1977, "Handbook of Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Plastics", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 494 p.

[37] Wanninger, P. et al., 1996, "Pressable Explosives Granular Product and Pressed Explosive Charge", US Patents 5,547,526.

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